中國城市垃圾焚燒處理廠建設和運營現(xiàn)狀

1、1,中國城市垃圾焚燒處理廠建設和運營現(xiàn)狀Construction and Running of MSW Incineration Plants in China,,開篇語：本系列是本人搜集很多圖片歸集而成，耗費大量時間精力的作品，謝謝大家的支持，歡迎轉載，把知識傳遞給更多人。一直以來，我都想找更多的圖片來展示施工現(xiàn)場的概況，今年我決心把這項工作好好地完成下去，給更多非現(xiàn)場的考生們展現(xiàn)直觀的概念，能夠更好地理解書本知識。此為方證市政

2、培訓系列1：《看圖識市政》以后我會繼續(xù)推出系列2：《跟方證背市政》系列3：《方證講案例》，方證畫書、考前沖刺等系列課程。讓你充分拿分，輕松自信上陣，獲取滿意成績！等系列課程。敬請繼續(xù)關注。方證召開14年市政培訓，方證qq：568244473http://daxianda.taobao.com,中國垃圾處理設施數(shù)量變化圖 Change of MSW Treatment Facilities Number in China,3

3、,中國垃圾處理設施處理能力變化圖 Change of MSW Treatment Facilities Capacity in China,4,Ton/day,5,,2005年中國城市生活垃圾處理設施情況 ’2005 Data on MSW Landfill in China,,,處理廠分布圖Number of Facilities,處理能力分布圖Treatment Capacity of Facilities,處理量分布圖

4、Quantity Treated,中國的垃圾無害化處理率: 35～40％The harmless treatment rate of MSW : 35~40%,城市生活垃圾產(chǎn)量預測 Municipal Solid Waste Output Forecast,預計到2010年：全國縣城以上生活垃圾總產(chǎn)量約為2.5億噸城市：1.8億噸/年（日均約為49.3萬噸）縣城：0.7億噸/年（日均約為19.4萬噸）To 2010 T

5、otal MSW Amount: 250 million tons Cities : 180 million t/a (daily average : 493,000 tons) Counties: 70 million t/a (daily average : 194,000 tons),6,7,全國城鎮(zhèn)“十一五”環(huán)境衛(wèi)生規(guī)劃Chinese Environmental Sanitation Plan (2006-20

6、10),全國“十一五”期間計劃新增的城市生活垃圾無害化處理能力為 24 萬噸 / 日，平均每年新增 4.8 萬噸 / 日；同時將采取封場、搬遷或改擴建等措施對現(xiàn)有約 70% 的不達標設施進行改造，總規(guī)模約 7.4 萬噸 / 日；建設一批大型轉運設施并建立和完善收運系統(tǒng) ，城市生活垃圾無害化處理率不低于 60%； 全國“十一五”期間，全國城鎮(zhèn)環(huán)境衛(wèi)生固定資產(chǎn)總投資約為 1115 億元。其中：新建生活垃圾處理設施 516 億元、不達標處置

7、設施治理 73 億元、轉運設施與收運系統(tǒng)建設 155 億元等During 2006 to 2010:Newly-built MSW treatment facilities: 240,000 ton/dayRe-built MSW facilities: 48,000 ton/day MSW harmless treated rated: 60%Environmental sanitation investment: 111.

8、5 billion RMB,,《城市生活垃圾處理及污染防治技術政策》建城[2000]120號垃圾應在焚燒爐內充分燃燒，煙氣在后燃室應在不低于850℃的條件下停留不少于2秒垃圾焚燒目前宜采用以爐排爐為基礎的成熟技術，審慎采用其它爐型的焚燒爐煙氣處理宜采用半干法加布袋除塵工藝屬于危險廢物的爐渣和飛灰必須作為危險廢物處置 《The Technical Policy on MSW Management and Pollution P

9、revention 》 2000Waste should be combusted in the incinerator completely, and the flue gas should stay in the afterburner at least 2 seconds with the temperature not lower than 850℃.At present, grate is suggested to be

10、the foundational mature technology in MSW incineration, other kinds of incineration process should be adopted prudently.Semi-dry process with bag-house is the suggested flue gas cleaning system.Fly ash and residue sho

11、uld be treated as hazardous waste.,8,技術政策,產(chǎn)業(yè)化政策,能源政策,環(huán)境政策,Technical Policy,我國垃圾焚燒發(fā)展的政策環(huán)境,,2002年，國家計委、財政部、建設部、環(huán)保總局:《關于實行城市生活垃圾處理收費制度促進垃圾處理產(chǎn)業(yè)化的通知》《關于推進城市污水、垃圾處理產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的意見》2002，National Development and Reform Commission

12、(NDRC), Ministry of Finance (MOF) , Ministry of Construction (MOC) and State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) :Notice: Establish the MSW –Fee Levying system and Promote the Industrial Production of MSW Man

13、agement》Notice: Establish the MSW –Fee Levying system , Promote the Industrial Production of MSW Management 》Opinion about promoting the Industrial Production of municipal waste water and solid waste management》,9,技術政

14、策,產(chǎn)業(yè)化政策,能源政策,環(huán)境政策,Industrialization Policy,我國垃圾焚燒發(fā)展的政策環(huán)境,,我國垃圾焚燒發(fā)展的政策環(huán)境,2005年2月《中華人民共和國可再生能源法》2006年1月《可再生能源發(fā)電價格和費用分攤管理試行辦法》發(fā)改價格[2006]7號 2006年1月《可再生能源發(fā)電有關管理規(guī)定》發(fā)改能源[2006]13號2006年9月《國家鼓勵的資源綜合利用認定管理辦法》發(fā)改環(huán)資[2006]1864 200

15、5-02《 Renewable Energy Act 》2006-01《Trial Guidelines on renewable Power Generation Price and expense 》 2006-01《 Management Guideline of Renewable Energy Electricity Generation 》2006-09《 Method to Recognize National En

16、couraged Resource Comprehensive Using》,10,技術政策,產(chǎn)業(yè)化政策,能源政策,環(huán)境政策,Energy Policy,,我國垃圾焚燒發(fā)展的政策環(huán)境,2006年6月《關于加強生物質發(fā)電項目環(huán)境影響評價管理工作的通知 》生活垃圾焚燒發(fā)電項目環(huán)境影響報告書應報國務院環(huán)境保護行政主管部門審批 生活垃圾焚燒發(fā)電類項目環(huán)境影響評價文件審查的技術要點2006-06 Notice on Enhancing E

17、nvironment Impact Assessment of Biomass-to-Energy Projects EIA of MSW-to-Energy projects should be approved by Environmental Department of Stated Council.Some key points to approve EIA are given.,11,技術政策,產(chǎn)業(yè)化政策,能源政策,環(huán)境政

18、策,環(huán)發(fā)〔2006〕82號,Environmental Policy,我國焚燒,12,,焚燒能力增長情況圖,焚燒廠數(shù)量及平均規(guī)模,2001～2005,Total capacaity,Incineration capacity,The rate,ton/day,我國垃圾焚燒設施的建設狀況Current Status of MSW Incineration Facilities in China,,13,,,,,,焚燒廠數(shù)量分布圖,,焚燒

19、廠規(guī)模分布圖,2006年,By plant number,By capacity,北京 Beijing,14,天津Tianjing,上海 Shanghai,重慶 Chongqin,直 轄 市 Municipalities,,,,,同興焚燒廠,高安屯焚燒廠 六里屯焚燒廠阿蘇衛(wèi)焚燒廠南宮焚燒廠,雙港焚燒廠貫莊焚燒廠青光焚燒廠,御橋焚燒廠江橋焚燒廠江橋二期,,,15,連云港市宿遷市鹽城市南京市 常州市無錫市蘇州市,,

20、嘉興市杭州市紹興市寧波市金華市臺州市溫州市,廣州市 惠州市佛山市 東莞市中山市 深圳市珠海市,,江蘇 Jiangsu,浙江 Zhejiang,廣東 Guangdong,長三角&珠三角地區(qū)Yangtze River delta & Zhujiang Delta,16,,沈陽大連,石家莊衡水唐山,濟南 淄博 青島菏澤 泰安 臨沂,寧德福州 福清莆田 惠安晉江 石獅 廈門 漳州,瓊海,玉林,

21、東部地區(qū) East Area,,17,中西部地區(qū) Center & West,Harbin,,Changchun,Zhengzhou,Wuhan,Xi an,Lanzhou,Urumqi,Chengdu,Kunming,Taiyuan,,,,,,,,,,,,,全部焚燒生活垃圾，啟動時可以以油為輔助燃料；進料垃圾不需要預處理；依靠爐排的機械運動實現(xiàn)垃圾的攪動與混合，促進垃圾完全燃燒，不同的爐排產(chǎn)商在爐排的設計上各有特點；焚

22、燒爐內垃圾為穩(wěn)定燃燒，燃燒較為完全，飛灰量少，爐渣熱酌減率低；技術成熟，設備年運行時間可達8000小時以上；垃圾需要連續(xù)焚燒，不宜經(jīng)常起爐和停爐。Fuel in the incinerator is completely solid waste, petroleum is just used as auxiliary fuel at the beginning;Feeding waste does not need to pre-

23、treat;Mechanical move of grate make the waste agitate and mix completely, and promote waste to burn up. Different makers of different incinerators have respective design characteristic.Waste is burned stably and entire

24、ly, and the amount of fly-ash is small，and the loss of ignition is very low as well;The technic is very mature， and the equipment running time can be above to 8000 hours per one year.The burning must be continual, turn

25、ing on and blowing out frequently is harmful.,18,爐排爐,爐排爐的技術特點,Stoke Grate Incineration Technology,我國垃圾焚燒技術應用現(xiàn)狀,日本三菱重工株式會社（三菱-馬丁逆推爐排）日本杰富意（JFE）株式會社（超級往復式爐排）日本田熊株式會社（SN型爐排）日本日立造船株式會社德國諾爾-克爾茨公司（階梯式順推爐排）德國斯坦米勒公司（往復順推式爐排

26、）法國阿爾斯通公司（CITY2000傾斜往復式爐排）吉寶西格斯公司（SHA多級爐排爐）瑞士VonRoll公司（R-10540型爐排爐）,19,主要國外焚燒廠商及爐型,主要國內焚燒廠商及爐型,溫州偉明集團（二段式爐排爐）杭州新世紀公司（二段式爐排爐）重慶三峰環(huán)境產(chǎn)業(yè)有限公司（SITY2000爐排爐）,MISSUBISHI heavy industries, JapanJFE Steel Corporation, JapanT

27、AKUMA CO. LTD, JapanHitach Zosen Corporation, JapanNoell-KRC Corporation, GermanySteinmuller Corporation , GermanyAlstom Corporation, FranceSeghers Corporation, BelgiumVonRoll, Swizerland,Overseas Suppliers,Domesti

28、c Suppliers,Weiming Group, WenZhouNew Century Energy, HangZhou San Feng, ChongQing,20,日本三菱-馬丁逆推爐排爐 Mitsubishi, Japan,爐排傾斜角度為26°燃燒空氣從爐底部送入并從爐排塊的縫隙中吹出，對爐排有良好的冷卻作用。由于逆向推動可相應延長垃圾在爐內的停留時間。Incline angle: 26°

29、Air is supplied from the bottom of the grate and can cool the grate.Adverse push can increase the staying time of MSW.,日本田熊SN型爐排爐Takuma, Japan,設置兩個階梯，采用足夠的爐排面積，使垃圾在爐內翻滾并燃燒；采用四個驅動單位：一個在干燥階段，二個在燃燒階段，再一個在燃燼階段。因此，通過調整各獨立

30、驅動單位的速度，能控制垃圾和灰層的厚度。 Two steps of ladders are established, and the area of the grate is big enough to let the waste roll well on it.Four actuating units: 1 dry-step, 2 burning, 1 burned. So the thickness of the waste

31、and residue can be controlled well by adjust the speed of each unit.,21,吉寶西格斯多級爐排爐Seghers, Belgium,西格斯焚燒爐排控制系統(tǒng)能夠將輸送動作(水平運動)、翻攪和通風動作(垂直運動)區(qū)分開滑動爐排推動垃圾向前運動并決定了垃圾層厚度及停留時間擺動爐排則起到攪動垃圾層的作用Disturbance, Gliding (horizontal mo

32、tion) and Swinging (vertical movement) can be controlled separately in the SHA grate.Gliding grate makes the waste move forward , and decide the burning time of the waste.Swinging grate is used for waste mixing.,22,,日本

33、日立造船 Hitachi Zosen, Japan,爐排上設置落差，使垃圾翻轉、松散活動爐排與固定爐排相互運動，可以清除爐排片間的積灰，避免堵塞設置撥火裝置Dropping variance of the grate makes the waste very loose.Active grate and fixed grate move mutually .Poker mechanism,23,重慶三峰SITY2000爐排

34、SanFeng, Chongqing,24,重慶同興垃圾焚燒發(fā)電廠福州紅廟嶺垃圾焚燒發(fā)電廠,國產(chǎn)二段往復式爐排Domestic Stoke Grate,25,杭州新世紀能源環(huán)保工程股份有限公司New Century Energy Co. Ltd, Hangzhou溫州偉明集團有限公司 Weiming Group, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 由逆推爐排和順推爐排組合而成 逆推爐排向下傾斜 順推爐排為水

35、平布置 adverse pusher parallel pusher,溫州東莊垃圾發(fā)電廠 溫州臨江垃圾發(fā)電廠 溫州永強垃圾發(fā)電廠 昆山垃圾發(fā)電廠 杭州濱江垃圾焚燒廠江蘇太倉垃圾焚燒發(fā)電廠,逆推爐排,,順推爐排,,需要石英砂作為輔料，需要摻煤才能理想燃燒，在煤價較低或上網(wǎng)電價較高的情況下，摻煤越多焚燒廠的經(jīng)濟效益越好；可以混燒多種廢物，但是進料越均勻越好，一般需要有前分選和破碎工序；焚燒爐內垃圾處于懸浮流化狀態(tài)，為瞬時

36、燃燒，飛灰量大，飛灰量是爐排爐的3～4倍；此外，流化床焚燒的一個特點是爐渣的熱酌減率較低，僅為1～2％；物料處于懸浮狀態(tài)，煙氣流速高，對焚燒爐的沖刷和磨損比較嚴重；流化床爐的檢修相對較多，年運行時間相對較短，通常只有6000-8000小時；流化床爐起爐和停爐較為方便；減少金屬酸性腐蝕，發(fā)電效率較高。It needs quartz sand as the auxiliary material, and needs coal m

37、ixed with waste to achieve perfect combustion. The factory will economic efficiency more as more coal is mixed when the coal is cheap and electrovalence from MSW is more expensive than that from others in China.all kind

38、s of waste can be burned together, but it is better to mixed them up, and the separator and crusher is necessary before the incineration.The waste in the fluidized bed is at aerosol fluidization condition, and the fly-

39、ash amount is 3~4 times of that of grate; moreover, the loss of ignition is much lower, it only has 1~2%.The speed of flue gas is very high, and the attrition to equipment is serious.Compared with grate, it needs more

40、repair, but has the shorter running time which is about 6000-8000hours per one year.It is convenient to starting and blowing out.,26,流化床爐的技術特點,Fluidized Bed Incineration Technology,,流化床爐,我國垃圾焚燒技術應用現(xiàn)狀,高比重惰性物料循環(huán)特殊布風結合定向風

41、帽結構二次風旋渦分段燃燒垃圾滲濾液回噴爐膛焚燒,27,浙江大學 · 異重流化床Zhejiang University,應用業(yè)績已有10余項杭州老余杭垃圾焚燒廠 杭州錦江喬司垃圾電廠 山東菏澤焚燒廠 鄭州滎錦焚燒廠 金華熱電有限公司等······,28,能適應低品位垃圾燃料組成采用定向均勻布風，燃燒穩(wěn)定選用外置過熱器，解決了HCl腐蝕問

42、題，提高熱能回收效率,北京中科通用 · 循環(huán)流化床Zhongke Tongyong Co.,目前已建和在建的焚燒項目有10余項 浙江嘉興熱電廠 東莞市市區(qū)垃圾焚燒廠 寧波市鎮(zhèn)海垃圾焚燒廠 四川彭州垃圾焚燒廠 ······,29,流動空氣的風量差：左右空氣量比中央部分多傾斜式爐床：爐床由中央向爐兩端的不燃物排出口傾斜回旋流效果：從左右二側部分向

43、上吹起的砂被導流板阻擋回流到爐的中延部分,日本荏原 · 回旋流化床EBARA, Japan,目前已建和在建的焚燒項目： 哈爾濱垃圾焚燒廠 太原市垃圾焚燒廠 大連市垃圾焚燒廠,,,1、可再生能源政策將促進垃圾焚燒技術的應用 Policies on renewable energy will promote incineration technology application目前 浙江省0.5463元/度；

44、廣東省0.55元/度。按照國家發(fā)改委頒布的《可再生能源發(fā)電價格及費用分攤管理暫行辦法》規(guī)定，2006年起新核準建設的垃圾發(fā)電廠，上網(wǎng)電價應分別為：浙江省0.666元/度； 廣東省0.689元/度。At present ：Zhejiang: 0.5463 yuan/kwh；Guangdong: 0.55 yuan/kwh。According to the new Trial Guidelines on renewable P

45、ower Generation Price and expense ，the price of the power generated from the new waste incineration plant built after 2006 will up to：Zhejiang: 0.666 yuan/kwh； Guangdong: 0.689 yuan/kwh。,30,1/8,我國垃圾焚燒技術應用發(fā)展預測Incinerati

46、on Development Forecast,31,2024/3/27,31,西南地區(qū)Southwest (6)6100t/d,東部地區(qū)East (56)45100t/d,西北地區(qū)Northwest (4) 3300t/d,中部地區(qū)Center (9)7200t/d,東北地區(qū)Northeast (7)4900t/d,我國“十一五”期間規(guī)劃焚燒廠及能力Number and Capacity of Incineratio

47、n Plant that Planned During 2006 to 2010,2、新建垃圾焚燒廠將主要以大、中規(guī)模焚燒廠為主 New Incineration Plant Are Mainly Comprised by Large and Medium Scale Plant我國新建的垃圾焚燒廠建設規(guī)模普遍大于600噸/日，我國大中城市新建的焚燒廠處理規(guī)模常在大于1000噸/日，焚燒廠配置以2～3臺焚燒爐居多，單臺焚燒

48、爐的規(guī)模常在300～600噸/日，受政策影響焚燒爐的發(fā)展有大型化趨勢。 The capacity of newly built plant are usually beyond 600 t/d, even up to 800-1000 t/d in some big cities, and the capacity of one incinerator is usually 300-600t/d. Affected by new en

49、ergy policies, the incinerator develops towards the large scale tendency,32,,2/8,我國垃圾焚燒技術應用發(fā)展預測Incineration Development Forecast,3、爐排爐與流化床爐平分秋色，小型焚燒爐市場逐漸減小 Market Share Will Occupied by stoke grate Incinerator and

50、 Fluidized Bed Incinerator，Small Scale Incinerator will Quit Gradually大中城市以機械爐排爐為主對于中小城市及內陸城市和經(jīng)濟較發(fā)達地區(qū)，流化床的國產(chǎn)化技術、價格優(yōu)勢以及摻煤獲得的經(jīng)濟受益，仍將具有較大的吸引力。Stoke grate Incinerator will be the main choice in big cities.Fluidized Bed i

51、ncinerator will also be favored by some cities in the near future because of its advantages in investment and benefit from coal mixing.,33,,3/8,我國垃圾焚燒技術應用發(fā)展預測Incineration Development Forecast,4、近期內垃圾焚燒的余熱利用將仍以發(fā)電為主

52、Power Generation is still the primary use in the near future受我國可再生能源的影響，以及產(chǎn)品銷路的穩(wěn)定性、優(yōu)惠的電價使得發(fā)電成為我國垃圾焚燒廠的熱能利用方式相對單一，絕大多是焚燒余熱都是用于發(fā)電。在蒸汽參數(shù)方面，通常垃圾焚燒廠余熱鍋爐蒸汽參數(shù)為中溫中壓參數(shù)（4MPa和400℃）。若提高蒸汽參數(shù)將有助于提高余熱利用效率，提高發(fā)電量，增加垃圾廠的收入，同時也加劇了余熱鍋爐材料的

53、腐蝕，縮短了設備的使用壽命，增加了折舊成本。目前，廣州李坑和中山焚燒廠采用三菱重工焚燒爐，嘗試使用次高溫高壓余熱鍋爐蒸汽參數(shù)6MPa/450℃。采用次高溫高壓參數(shù)的經(jīng)濟性和對中國國情的適應性目前還在探索中。The most of the heat energy from incineration is changed into electric power since favorable power price can be get

54、from Chinese government. In steam quality aspect ，the operation with inferior high temperature & pressure is still in exploration in China at present, and the incineration plants of Likeng in Guangzhou and of Center

55、 in Zhongshan are in the attempting with the condition 6MPa/450℃, they both choose the Mitsubishi-Marin grate .,34,,4/8,我國垃圾焚燒技術應用發(fā)展預測Incineration Development Forecast,5、煙氣處理工藝中干法的比例會有所增加 Dry process will be widely

56、used in flue gas treatment 隨著技術的進步與發(fā)展，干法工藝也在提升和進步（如石灰粒度更細化、石灰噴射裝置更優(yōu)化等）。目前的干法處理效果有顯著提高，在國外的應用有所增加。在日本，東京都焚燒廠對環(huán)境要求高，煙氣處理均采用濕法處理工藝；東京都以外的焚燒廠煙氣處理主要采用干法處理工藝。The dry process developed rapidly in recent years, such as the li

57、me granules are much smaller than before, and its processing effect have enhanced remarkably, and the application has increased a lot in foreign country as well. for example, the cities in Japan always choose this way e

58、xcept Tokyo which has a much higher environmental standard.,35,,5/8,我國垃圾焚燒技術應用發(fā)展預測Incineration Development Forecast,6、對二惡英的控制逐漸加強 Strengthening Dioxin control大城市和經(jīng)濟發(fā)達地區(qū)的焚燒廠采用歐盟煙氣排放標準，二惡英執(zhí)行0.1ng-TEQ/Nm3對二惡英的監(jiān)控越來越嚴

59、格In big cities and economy-developed cities, MSW incineration plants take more strict standard as EU-DC-2000, and dioxin concentration cannot over 0.1 ng-TEQ/Nm3The Control for dioxin will be more and more strict.,36,,

60、6/8,我國垃圾焚燒技術應用發(fā)展預測Incineration Development Forecast,7、垃圾焚燒廠建設融資模式多元化 Many Financial Models Will Emerge in MSW Incineration Projects我國傳統(tǒng)的垃圾處理設施是“政府投資建設，事業(yè)單位運營”。這種模式對于衛(wèi)生填埋等技術水平相對較低的方式較為適用。對于焚燒項目，地方政府通常受技術水平和人才資源的限

61、制，難以自建自管。因此，部分城市采用了“政府投資建設，招標或委托企業(yè)運營”的方式，取得了較好的效果。近年來，隨著產(chǎn)業(yè)化政策的推廣和國家投融資體制的改革，大量社會資本進入到垃圾焚燒處理鄰域，“企業(yè)實行特許經(jīng)營（BOT模式）”的方式廣為應用。Traditionally, the waste disposal facility is invested by the government, and operated by institut

62、ion in China. Bt a incineration plant needs huge investment for construction and high-tech personnel to operate, so the construction and management is very difficult to be undertaken all by the government.So，some cities

63、 used the method that government investing, entrusted company operating, and it already has obtained a very good effect in china.In recent years, lots of social capital enters into the MSW incinerating domain, along wit

64、h the national financing system reforming and the industrial production policy promotion. And the BOT(Build—Operate--Transfer) mode is used especially widely.,37,,7/8,我國垃圾焚燒技術應用發(fā)展預測Incineration Development Forecast,8、垃圾

65、焚燒相關政策標準法規(guī)進一步完善 The policies related to MSW incineration will be gradually consummate 隨著焚燒技術應用的發(fā)展，我國在相關的政策準法規(guī)建設也在逐步完善國家已經(jīng)頒布的標準有：《生活垃圾焚燒污染控制標準(GB 18485-2001)》《生活垃圾焚燒處理工程技術規(guī)范(CJJ90-2002)》（已在修編）《城市生活垃圾焚燒處理工程項目建設標

66、準》（已在修編）《城市生活焚燒廠評價標準》（在編）The policies, laws, regulations and standards related to MSW incineration will gradually consummated along with the development of the technology.The present national standards ：Standard for

67、 Pollution Control on the MSW Incineration (GB 18485-2001)Technology Standard for MSW Incineration Project (CJJ90-2002)Construction standard for MSW Incineration Project (Compiling) Evaluation standard for MSW Incine