生態(tài)旅游的追求外文翻譯

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>　　外文題目： In pursuit of ecotourism </p><p>　　出 處： Biodiversity and Conservation, 1996, Volume 5, </p><p>　　Number 3

2、, Pages 277-291 </p><p>　　作 者： Harold Goodwin </p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　In pursuit of ecotourism</p><p&g

3、t;　　Harold Goodwin</p><p>　　Competing definitions of ecotourism</p><p>　　The word 'ecotourism' has been coined relatively recently and there remains no consensus about its meaning. '

4、Ecotourism' has spread rapidly first because it has a number of different meanings and second because it has been extensively used opportunistically in marketing, 3 where the tag 'eco-' has come to be synonym

5、ous with responsible consumerism. The tourism industry has been quick to exploit the marketing value of ecotourism, the more so since its meaning is unclear and there is no requiremen</p><p>　　The advertisin

6、g appeals to and promotes these approaches. Ecotourism is 'a niche market for environmentally aware tourists who are interested in observing nature' (Wheat, 1994), described by Steele (1993) as 'an economic p

7、rocess where rare and beautiful ecosystems are marketed internationally to attract visitors'. Kelman put it bluntly 'a tour advertised as environmentally friendly can be just as suspect as many of the products ta

8、rted up with green packaging at your grocery store' (Wight, 1994).</p><p>　　The World Travel and Tourism Environment Research Centre in its 1993 World Travel and Environment Review defined ecotourism as

9、tourism 'with the specific motive of enjoying wildlife or undeveloped natural areas' (WTI'ERC, 1993), making no distinction between nature tourism and ecotourism. Others have also used ecotourism and nature t

10、ourism synonymously (Lindberg, 1991; Aylward and Freedman, 1992). Ceballos-Lascurain's, 1987 definition has been used by others (Boo, 1990: Stewart and Sekartjakrari</p><p>　　travelling to relatively und

11、isturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestations (both past and present

12、) found in these areas. In these terms, nature-oriented tourism implies a scientific, aesthetic or philosophical approach to travel although the ecological tourist need not be a professional scientist, artist or philosop

13、her. The main point is that the </p><p>　　Ziffer (1989) offered a definition which combined motivation, philosophy, conduct and economic benefit to conservation:</p><p>　　'Ecotourism: a form

14、 of tourism inspired primarily by the natural history of an area, including its indigenous cultures. The ecotourist visits relatively undeveloped areas in the spirit of appreciation, participation and sensitivity. The ec

15、otourist practices a non-consumptive use of wildlife and natural resources and contributes to the visited area through labor or financial means aimed at directly benefiting the conservation of the site and the economic w

16、ell-being of the local residents..'.</p><p>　　The American based Ecotourism Society was founded in 1990 'as a center for research,information and policies on developing ecologically sound tourism in

17、natural areas around the world.' The Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as:</p><p>　　"purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the culture and natural history of theenvironment, taking ca

18、re not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem, while producing economicopportunities that make the conservation of natural resources beneficial to local people"( Wood,1991 ).</p><p>　　These definitions

19、 are broadly drawn, seeking to combine ecological and cultural tourism activities, often within frameworks which address philosophy and motivation.</p><p>　　The US Office of Technology Assessment of the Amer

20、ican Congress concluded that:</p><p>　　'While some ecotour operators are out simply to make a profit with little consideration of environmental and social issues, others are sensitive to these issues and

21、 may actively contribute to conservation projects/goals' (U S OTA, 1993).</p><p>　　They pointed out that there is a:</p><p>　　'wealth of literature . .[which].. addresses the nature and

22、growth of ecotourism, its potential environmental and sociological impacts and planning and management issues ... no definition of ecotourism has been universally accepted, data are commonly questionable, and much inform

23、ation and study is needed to assess the impact of nature travel" (US OTA, 1993).</p><p>　　Ecotourism is often defined prescriptively. Consider for example the National Eco-tourism Strategy published in

24、1994 by the Mexican Secretariat of Tourism in cooperation with the World Conservation Union (Table 2). It has developed a long list of characteristics of ecotourism which constitute a highly prescriptive definition, ~ on

25、e which has been taken-up by the World Tourism Organization (WTO, 1995). It is interesting to note that there is only one reference to protected areas and that where ec</p><p>　　The World Tourism Organizatio

26、n (WTO) definition of ecotourism will be the one which is used to determine the volume of ecotourism and to measure its value world-wide. The emerging definition of ecotourism within the WTO and the one which will theref

27、ore prevail is derived from Australia. Australia's National Ecotourism Strategy defined ecotourism as 'Nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to

28、be ecologically sustainable" (Commonwea</p><p>　　Ecotourism rediscovered</p><p>　　Ecotourism is no panacea. A critical approach to ecotourism is essential if it is to be harnessed for the c

29、onservation of habitats and species. Ecotourism will not be significantly different from conventional tourism unless it is carefully managed and controlled (Cater,1993). Protected area managers and conservationists need

30、to take more control over thedefinition and use of the concept and over the supervision of its practise.</p><p>　　There is an urgent need to 'put the ecology back into ecotourism' (Valentine, 1993) i

31、n order to establish a symbiotic relationship between nature based tourism and</p><p>　　conservation. For governments and development agencies ecotourism has much to offer in diversifying rural economies in

32、LDCs in urgent need of foreign exchange. Tour operators will continue to use ecotourism as a marketing tool. It is difficult for consumers to get accurate information about the tours which they are offered and about the

33、operators who claim the mantle of ecotourism.</p><p>　　If ecotourism is to become a means of harnessing part of the tourism industry for</p><p>　　conservation of habitats and species, it is esse

34、ntial to focus on the activity rather than the motivation of the ecotourists. It is what they do, rather than what they say (or think) they do that impacts on conservation and ecosystems. It is easier to determine whethe

35、r individual activities and tours meet ecotourism criteria, by contributing directly or indirectly to conservation, than it is to determine whether or not individuals are ecotourists or not.</p><p>　　Only co

36、nservationists and protected area managers are in a position, or have the</p><p>　　expertise, to credibly assert a more useful definition of ecotourism. Ecologists and</p><p>　　conservationists

37、need to 'take control of the language being used in the name of</p><p>　　ecotourism' (Valentine, 1993) and to use it to benefit conservation and the maintenance of protected areas. It is protected ar

38、ea managers and conservationists, working with local people, who are best placed to manage nature tourism to ensure that its environmental impact does not jeopardise the integrity of the ecosystem and that both local peo

39、ple and the park gain significantly from ecotourism.</p><p>　　Nature tourism and ecotourism need to be distinguished. Nature tourism is concernedwith the enjoyment of nature, ecotourism additionally requires

40、 a contribution to conservation. Hence the following definition ~ of ecotourism is offered:</p><p>　　low impact nature tourism which contributes to the maintenance of species and habitats eitherdirectly thro

41、ugh a contribution to conservation and/or indirectly by providing revenue to thelocal community sufficient for local people to value, and therefore protect, their wildlife heritagearea as a source of income.</p>&

42、lt;p>　　According to this definition ecotourism makes a direct or indirect measurable contribution to the continued protection and management of natural habitats and their species.Generally this contribution is likely

43、to be financial but the work of commercial and "not-for-profit' organizations which enable tourists to make a practical contribution should not be ignored. However, their claims too need to be carefully and open

44、ly assessed by conservationists.</p><p>　　Ecotourism is too powerful a force, driven by producers and consumers in the world's largest industry, for conservationists and protected area managers to allow

45、it to bc controlled and developed by that industry. It is the form and impact of the nature tourism which must be managed to fulfil ecotourism criteria, it is essential that ecotourism is low impact and that this is ensu

46、red through careful extensive and intensive visitor management. Protected area managers and conservationists have an op</p><p>　　Ecotourism can demonstrate that good conservation is good economics, to local

47、people and to governments. Re-investment in the maintenance of ecosystems and the species which inhabit them is at the core of ecotourism. Ecotourism can bring money and jobs to local people and increased revenues to nat

48、ional treasuries to enable them to fund park management. Ecotourism serves conservation objectives only if it demonstrates to local people and to governments that they should stop poaching, logging, sla</p><p&

49、gt;<b>　　譯 文：</b></p><p><b>　　生態(tài)旅游的追求</b></p><p><b>　　生態(tài)旅游定義的競爭</b></p><p>　　“生態(tài)旅游”這個詞，關于它的定義相對于已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造的含義，近期仍沒有達成共識。生態(tài)旅游的迅速蔓延，首先是因為它有大量不同的含義，第二是因為

50、它已經(jīng)被廣泛應用于市場投機，其中“生態(tài)”的標記已經(jīng)成了消費與責任的代名詞。旅游業(yè)已經(jīng)迅速開拓了市場價值，更何況生態(tài)旅游因為其含義不明確，也沒有任何規(guī)定的，因此運營商可以隨意的做多改變的包裝。</p><p>　　生態(tài)旅游的各種不同的定義主要從游客的行為和哲學家的思考幾個方面來訴說。從廣告來訴求和推廣這些方法。生態(tài)旅游是“對環(huán)保有興趣并且知道觀察自然環(huán)境的游客的一個小的市場?！?(Wheat, 1994)。根據(jù)St

51、eele（1993）的描述“生態(tài)旅游是以其中稀有和美麗的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)來吸引游客，并在國際上被銷售的經(jīng)濟過程?！盞elman說“作為一個旅游廣告，環(huán)?？梢詾槟愕馁徫锷痰昀锏脑S多可疑的產(chǎn)品提供綠色包裝(Wight, 1994)?！?lt;/p><p>　　世界旅行和旅游環(huán)境研究中心在1993年世界旅游和環(huán)境審查中定義生態(tài)旅游為“生態(tài)旅游的具體動機是享受自然的野生動物或者幫助欠發(fā)達地區(qū)?！?WTIERC, 1993)，不在生態(tài)

52、旅游與自然之間作區(qū)別。其他人也用生態(tài)旅游與自然旅游業(yè)的同義詞(Lindberg, 1991; Aylward and Freedman, 1992)。Ceballos - Lascurain1987年下的定義已被他人使用(Boo, 1990: Stewart and Sekartjakrarini, 1994)：</p><p>　　“....前往特定的和相對未受干擾或未受污染的自然區(qū)域客觀的研究和欣賞，并享受風

53、景和野生動植物，以及在這些地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)任何現(xiàn)有的文化表現(xiàn)形式（包括過去和現(xiàn)在）。在這些條件中，自然為導向的旅游意味著科學，以美學和哲學的方法去旅行的生態(tài)旅游不必是一個專業(yè)的科學家，藝術家或哲學家。主要的一點是，這些人對生態(tài)旅游的想法是，在城市環(huán)境中有浸泡他/她自己和展示自己的機會，而在自然環(huán)境中一般不會有。”(quoted in Boo, 1990)。</p><p>　　Ziffer（1989）提供了一個定義，合并

54、了動機，理念，行為和經(jīng)濟利益的保護：</p><p>　　“生態(tài)旅游：主要由一個地區(qū)的自然歷史，包括由它的土著文化來啟發(fā)的旅游形式。相對欠發(fā)達地區(qū)生態(tài)旅游參觀的具有欣賞，參與和靈敏度的精神。生態(tài)旅游實行對野生動物和自然資源的非消費性使用，并有助于參觀區(qū)通過勞動或直接受益于該地區(qū)旨在保護金融經(jīng)濟和當?shù)鼐用竦慕?jīng)濟福祉…”。</p><p>　　美國的生態(tài)旅游學會成立于1990年?！白鳛橐粋€研究

55、，信息和生態(tài)健全的發(fā)展在世界各地的自然區(qū)域的旅游政策的中心?！鄙鷳B(tài)旅游協(xié)會的生態(tài)旅游定義為：</p><p>　　“有目的的前往自然地區(qū)了解當?shù)氐奈幕妥匀粴v史環(huán)境，而且注意不改變生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的完整性，同時產(chǎn)生使自然資源的保護有利于當?shù)厝嗣竦慕?jīng)濟機遇?！? Wood,1991 )。</p><p>　　從這些定義大致可以得出，生態(tài)旅游是往往尋求結合框架內(nèi)解決理念和動機的生態(tài)和文化旅游活動。&l

56、t;/p><p>　　美國國會技術評估辦公室的結論是：</p><p>　　“雖然一些生態(tài)旅游經(jīng)營者簡單地進行一個對環(huán)境和社會問題幾乎沒有利潤的活動，然而其他人卻對這些問題很敏感，并可能作出積極保護項目/目標的貢獻。”(U S OTA, 1993)。</p><p>　　他們（美國國會技術評估辦公室）指出：</p><p>　　“財富文學… 地域

57、的性質(zhì)和生態(tài)旅游的增長，其潛在的環(huán)境和社會影響，以及規(guī)劃和管理問題…沒有任何一個生態(tài)旅游的定義已被普遍接受，數(shù)據(jù)通常是值得懷疑的，以及大量自然旅游的影響的信息和學習是需要評估的?！?US OTA, 1993)。</p><p>　　可是生態(tài)旅游的定義通常又是被規(guī)定了的。例如，《國家考慮生態(tài)旅游戰(zhàn)略》在1994年由墨西哥旅游與世界自然保護聯(lián)盟秘書處出版。它已經(jīng)開發(fā)出了一長串的生態(tài)旅游特色，構成一個高度規(guī)范，已被世界

58、旅游組織采取的定義(WTO, 1995)。有趣的是，如何讓保護區(qū)和生態(tài)旅游作為改善地方社區(qū)與保護區(qū)管理人員的聯(lián)系機制是確定合適的，世界上卻只有一個參考。這種性質(zhì)的定義是很難用以解析的。</p><p>　　世貿(mào)組織認為生態(tài)旅游的定義之一將是用它來確定生態(tài)旅游容量，并衡量其在世界各地價值。在世貿(mào)組織內(nèi)一個將因此獲得勝利的是來自澳大利亞的新興生態(tài)旅游的定義。澳大利亞的國家生態(tài)旅游戰(zhàn)略的生態(tài)旅游定義為“自然旅游，涉及教

59、育和自然環(huán)境的解釋，并設法將生態(tài)可持續(xù)。” (Commonwealth Department of Tourism, 1994)。報告指出，自然環(huán)境包括文化成分，同時又有“生態(tài)可持續(xù)”，并且對當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)必須有一個適當?shù)幕貓蠛蛯Y源長期保存的貢獻(WTO, 1995)。</p><p><b>　　生態(tài)旅游的重新發(fā)現(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　生態(tài)旅游是包治百病的靈丹妙

60、藥。生態(tài)旅游的一個必不可少的重要方面是必須保護棲息地和物種。生態(tài)旅游將無法從傳統(tǒng)的旅游中顯示出不同，除非它是經(jīng)過精心管理和控制(Cater,1993)。保護區(qū)管理人員和保育需要采取更多控制定義和概念的實施，并監(jiān)督它的實踐。</p><p>　　目前迫切需要“把生態(tài)旅游返回生態(tài)” (Valentine, 1993)，以便建立和保護與自然共生的旅游的關系。對各國政府和發(fā)展機構來說生態(tài)旅游提供給外匯最不發(fā)達國家的農(nóng)村經(jīng)

61、濟多樣化迫切需要有很大的關系。旅游經(jīng)營者將繼續(xù)利用生態(tài)旅游作為一種營銷手段。對消費者來說獲取有關他們所提供的旅行和有關經(jīng)營者聲稱生態(tài)旅游的準確信息是困難的。</p><p>　　如果生態(tài)旅游是成為旅游業(yè)利用的一部分保護生態(tài)環(huán)境和物種的一種手段 ，那么必須把重點放在活動上而不是在生態(tài)旅游者的動機上。這就是他們做什么，而不是他們說（或認為）他們做這些對保護和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響。這是比較容易確定個人是否符合生態(tài)旅游活動和旅

62、游活動的準則，通過對促進生態(tài)旅游保護標準直接或間接的貢獻，確定是否是生態(tài)旅游者個人。</p><p>　　只有自然保護主義者和保護區(qū)管理人員站在一個位置上，或者有專業(yè)的技術，才能可靠地斷言生態(tài)旅游更有用的定義。生態(tài)學家和自然保護主義者“需要利用被控制的語言用在生態(tài)旅游命名上” (Valentine, 1993) 并用它來造福養(yǎng)護和維護保護區(qū)。這是保護區(qū)管理人員和環(huán)保主義者，與當?shù)厝嗣?，誰是來管理自然旅游的最佳人選

63、，以確保其對環(huán)境的影響不損害生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的完整性，并且使本地居民和公園因生態(tài)旅游的收益顯著。</p><p>　　自然旅游和生態(tài)旅游需要加以區(qū)別。自然旅游是對自然的享受而言，生態(tài)旅游則需要額外的對環(huán)境保護作出貢獻。因此，生態(tài)旅游提供了以下定義：</p><p>　　低沖擊自然旅游有助于維護當?shù)匚锓N和棲息地，要么直接通過對環(huán)境保護的貢獻或著間接提供給當?shù)厣鐣茏尞數(shù)鼐用褡銐蛑匾暤亩愂眨麄兊囊吧?/p>

64、動物遺產(chǎn)領域作為收入來源。</p><p>　　根據(jù)這個定義生態(tài)旅游通過直接或間接來對繼續(xù)保護和管理他們的自然棲息地和物種作出貢獻。通常來說，這個貢獻很可能是對金融的，但商業(yè)工作和不以營利為目的組織使游客作出切實的貢獻的也是不容忽視的。但是他們的要求也需要自然保護主義者認真和公開的評估。生態(tài)旅游是很強大的力量，由世界上最大的行業(yè)的生產(chǎn)者和消費者驅(qū)動，自然保護主義者及保護區(qū)管理人員允許這些行業(yè)控制和發(fā)展生態(tài)旅游。必

65、須設法滿足生態(tài)旅游的標準這是自然旅游的形式和影響，至關重要的是生態(tài)旅游低的影響，是通過認真廣泛和深入的游客管理的保證。保護區(qū)的管理者和自然主義保護者有機會來管理自然旅游和把生態(tài)旅游變?yōu)橄M點，無論旅游動機是什么。這是一種需要加以控制和保護使用的活動。如果控制是不夠的，那么污染，棲息地的破壞，野生動物的干擾和其他將造成負面的影響。承載能力分析和可接受的變化（LAC）的管理工具將被應用如果旅游業(yè)需要保護利用。</p><