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1、外文資料翻譯HighRiseBuildingsIntroductionItisdifficulttodefineahighrisebuilding.Onemaysaythatalowrisebuildingrangesfrom1to2sties.Amediumrisebuildingprobablyrangesbetween34stiesupto1020stiesme.Althoughthebasicprinciplesofvertic

2、alhizontalsubsystemdesignremainthesameflowmediumhighrisebuildingswhenabuildinggetshightheverticalsubsystemsbecomeacontrollingproblemftworeasons.Higherverticalloadswillrequirelargercolumnswallsshafts.Butmesignificantlythe

3、overturningmomentthesheardeflectionsproducedbylateralfcesaremuchlargermustbecarefullyprovidedf.Theverticalsubsystemsinahighrisebuildingtransmitaccumulatedgravityloadfromstytostythusrequiringlargercolumnwallsectionstosupp

4、tsuchloading.Inadditionthesesameverticalsubsystemsmusttransmitlateralloadssuchaswindseismicloadstothefoundations.Howeverincontrasttoverticalloadlateralloadeffectsonbuildingsarenotlinearincreaserapidlywithincreaseinheight

5、.Fexampleunderwindloadtheoverturningmomentatthebaseofbuildingsvariesapproximatelyasthesquareofabuildingsmayvaryasthefourthpowerofbuildingsheightotherthingsbeingequal.Earthquakeproducesanevenmepronouncedeffect.Whenthestru

6、cturefalowmediumrisebuildingisdesignedfdeadliveloaditisalmostaninherentpropertythatthecolumnswallsstairelevatshaftscancarrymostofthehizontalfces.Theproblemisprimarilyoneofshearresistance.Moderateadditionbracingfrigidfram

7、esin“sht”buildingscaneasilybeprovidedbyfillingcertainpanels(evenallpanels)withoutincreasingthesizesofthecolumnsgirdersotherwiserequiredfverticalloads.Unftunatelythisisnotisfhighrisebuildingsbecausetheproblemisprimarilyre

8、sistancetomomentdeflectionratherthanshearalone.Specialstructuralarrangementswilloftenhavetobemadeadditionalstructuralmaterialisalwaysrequiredfthecolumnsgirderswallsslabsindertomadeahighrisebuildingssufficientlyresistantt

9、omuchhigherlateraldefmations.Aspreviouslymentionedthequantityofstructuralmaterialrequiredpersquarefootoffloofahighrisebuildingsisinexcessofthatrequiredflowrisebuildings.Theverticalcomponentscarryingthegravityloadsuchaswa

10、llscolumnsshaftswillneedtobestrengthenedoverthefullheightofthebuildings.Butquantityofmaterialrequiredfresistinglateralfcesisevenmesignificant.Withreinfcedconcretethequantityofmaterialalsoincreasesasthenumbersectionsinthe

11、following.ShearWallSystemsWhenshearwallsarecompatiblewithotherfunctionalrequirementstheycanbeeconomicallyutilizedtoresistlateralfcesinhighrisebuildings.Fexampleapartmentbuildingsnaturallyrequiremanyseparationwalls.Whenso

12、meofthesearedesignedtobesolidtheycanactasshearwallstoresistlateralfcestocarrytheverticalloadaswell.Fbuildingsuptosome20stisetheuseofshearwallsiscommon.Ifgivensufficientlengthsuchwallscaneconomicallyresistlateralfcesupto3

13、0to40stiesme.Howevershearwallscanresistlateralloadonlytheplaneofthewalls(i.e.notinadiretionperpendiculartothem).Therefeitisalwaysnecessarytoprovideshearwallsintwoperpendiculardirectionscanbeatleastinsufficientientationso

14、thatlateralfceinanydirectioncanberesisted.Inadditionthatwalllayoutshouldreflectconsiderationofanytsionaleffect.IndesignprogresstwomeshearwallscanbeconnectedtofromLshapedchannelshapedsubsystems.Indeedinternalshearwallscan

15、beconnectedtofromarectangularshaftthatwillresistlateralfcesveryefficiently.IfallexternalshearwallsarecontinuouslyconnectedthenthewholebuildingsactsastubeconnectedthenthewholebuildingsactsasatubeisexcellentShearWallSeyste

16、msresistinglateralloadstsion.Whereasconcreteshearwallsaregenerallyofsolidtypewithopeningswhennecessarysteelshearwallsareusuallymadeoftrusses.Thesetrussescanhavesinglediagonals“X”diagonals“K”arrangements.Atrussedwallwillh

17、aveitsmembersactessentiallyindirecttensioncompressionundertheactionofviewtheyoffersomeopptunitydeflectionlimitationpointofviewtheyoffersomeopptunityfperationbetweenmembers.Ofcoursetheinclinedmembersoftrussesmustbesuitabl

18、eplacedsoasnottointerferewithrequirementsfwiondowsfcirculationserviceperationsthoughthesewalls.Asstatedabovethewallsofelevatstaircaseutilityshaftsfmnaturaltubesarecommonlyemployedtoresistbothverticallateralfces.Sincethes

19、eshaftsarenmallyrectangularcircularincrosssectiontheycanofferanefficientmeansfresistingmomentsshearinalldirectionsduetotubestructuralaction.Butaprobleminthedesignoftheseshaftsisprovidedsufficientstrengtharounddoopeningso

20、therperationsthroughtheseelements.Freinfcedconcreteconstructionspecialsteelreinfcementsareplacedaroundsuchopening.Insteelconstructionheaviermerigidconnectionsarerequiredtoresistrackingattheopenings.Inmanyhighrisebuilding

21、sacombinationofwallsshaftscanofferexcellentresistancetolateralfceswhentheyaresuitablylocatedantconnectedtooneanother.Itisalsodesirablethatthestiffnessofferedthesesubsystemsbemelesssymmertricalinalldirections.RigidFrameSy

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