簡(jiǎn)介：分類號(hào)UDC城院系囪苤直盔鱟叢巳壘塾直蟲(chóng)壘專業(yè)坌基筐理研究方向組織皇厶力查返學(xué)號(hào)型Q晝壘旦】壘Q研究生馬玉潔指導(dǎo)教師型拯匿2011年5月L0日城市民族區(qū)民族事務(wù)管理研究以呼和浩特市回民區(qū)為例摘要我國(guó)是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的多民族的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家。民族問(wèn)題處理得正確與否，是L直接關(guān)系到社會(huì)穩(wěn)定、國(guó)家安危、建設(shè)成敗和民族興衰的大問(wèn)題。本人認(rèn)為城市民族區(qū)從民族事務(wù)管理分類上講屬于城市民族事務(wù)管理的范疇，但是由于城市民族區(qū)的起源、建立和運(yùn)行過(guò)程表明，它不同于一般的市轄區(qū)，也不同于民族自治地方和民族鄉(xiāng)，但它在維護(hù)城市聚居少數(shù)民族平等權(quán)利方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。因此，在新形勢(shì)下，研究城市民族區(qū)的民族事務(wù)管理具有十分重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和理論價(jià)值。作為最早建立的城市民族區(qū)，呼和浩特市回民區(qū)無(wú)論是在轄區(qū)內(nèi)民族關(guān)系問(wèn)題的處理上還是在民族事務(wù)管理上都形成了相對(duì)成熟的思路與事務(wù)管理方法，取得了有目共睹的巨大成績(jī)。本文在前人對(duì)民族理論、社會(huì)管理理論和城市民族區(qū)研究的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)對(duì)呼和浩特市回民區(qū)民族事務(wù)管理方面的揭示與考察，總結(jié)了其發(fā)展事務(wù)管理中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與不足，以社會(huì)管理和公共治理的理念，提出了相關(guān)的對(duì)策建議。希望本文會(huì)對(duì)呼和浩特市回民區(qū)在新的歷史時(shí)期處理民族事務(wù)管理調(diào)試和改革起到某種啟示和借鑒價(jià)值。關(guān)鍵詞民族事務(wù)管理，呼和浩特市，剛民區(qū)

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簡(jiǎn)介：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文中國(guó)公共事務(wù)治理中非政府組織政治作用研究姓名閆嬌瑾申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)馬克思主義理論與思想政治教育指導(dǎo)教師韓淑珍20050601窒奎鎏王些鑾鋈竺竺竺三ABSTRACTWITHCHINESESOCIALSTRUCTUREREFORM，THEPUBLICAFFAIRSGREWCOMPLICATIONANDDIVERSIFICATIONTHEGOVERNMENTHASTOFACETHENEWCHALLENGEANDDEMANDTOGOVERNTHECOMPLEXPUBLICAFFAIRS，ALSOMAKETHEMAINBODYOFGOVERNPUBLICAFFAIRSDIVERSIFYTHEGOVERNMENTSYSTEMREFORM，THROUGHTHEAGENCYREFORMANDTRANSFORMTHEFUNCTIONSTHATAIMTO“SMALLGOVERNMENTANDBIGSOCIETY”，OFFERAGOODDEALOFSOCIALDEMANDANDCORRESPONDINGPARTSRESOURCESNGOHASPROVIDEDSTRONGCOMPLEMENTARITIESFORGOVERNMENTFUNCTION，ANDCHANGEDTHEGOVERNMENTFUNCTIONFROMEXECUTEDINTOGUIDEASATHIRDSECTOROFTHEGOVERNPUBLICAFFAIRSMAINBODYDIFFERENTFROMTHEGOVERNMENTANDTHEENTERPRISE，NGOISBRINGINTOPLAYATYPICALFUNCTIONINALLAREAOFNATIONANDSOCIETYTHROUGHTHEMETHODOFILLUMINATECASEANDANALYSESTHEDATAPENETRATETHEPHENOMENAOFTHINGSTOSTUDYTHEIRINHERENTFUNCTION，CONDUCTWITHINTHEORYOFPOLITICALPHILOSOPHYBASEONTHETHEORYOFGOVERNANCE，WEOFFERANOPINIONTHATTHEPOLITICALFUNCTIONOFCHINESENGOGOVERNTHEPUBLICAFFAIRSPOSSESSESITSOWNCHARACTERISTICFIRSTLYNGOWILLPROMOTETHEGOVEMMENTREFORMSTHISKINDOFEFFECTCHIEFLYMEANSSMOOTHTHEINTENSITYBETWEENTHEGOVERNMENTANDTHESOCIETYCREATETHEMILDENVIRONMENTFORTHEGOVERNMENTREFORMS，ANDPROVIDEAROUTEFOR“GOODGOVERNANCE”SECONDLYNGOISTHEFUNDAMENTALELEMENTSERVINGTHERIPECIVILSOCIETYNGOACTSPOSITIVEEFFECTONPROMOTINGTHEDEMOCRACYDEVELOPMENTANDKEEPINGSOCIETYPOLITICALSTABILIZATIONTHIRDLYASACOUNTRYOFHIGHSTATUSANDACOUNTRYTAKEGREATINTERNATIONALRESPONSIBILITIES，CHINA’SNGOSHOULDPLAYACOMMENSURATEROLEININTERNATIONALAFFAIRSHOWEVERATTHEASPECTOFSYSTEM，SCOPEANDECONOMYETC，WHICHINFLUENCESTHEFULFILLMENTOFITSPOLITICALFUNCTIONONTHEDEVELOPMENTROUTEOFNGOINTHE’FUTURE，WESHOULDSTRAIGHTENTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENNGOANDTHEGOVERNMENT，PLEDGEVARIOUSRIGHTSANDINTERESTSTHATNGOHASFROMTHELAW，ANDMAKEHISLEGALPOSITIONCLEARFURTHERMORE，WESHOULDMAKEUSEOFTHEADVANTAGEOUSRESOURCESTHAT“

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簡(jiǎn)介：孓2分類號(hào)UDC．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．孝卞甜技大浮碩士學(xué)位論文Y778617密級(jí)合伙律師事務(wù)所發(fā)展對(duì)策研究學(xué)位申請(qǐng)人李杰學(xué)科專業(yè)高級(jí)管理人員工商管理指導(dǎo)教師朱雪忠教授論文答辯日期2QQ§生4旦叢旦學(xué)位授予日期答辯委員會(huì)主席醫(yī)苤毯評(píng)閱人匿苤叢翅蕉奎蛆萱華中科技大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文ABSTRACTTHECHINESELAWYERSYSTEMRESTORED25YEARSAMHASGAINEDGREATACHIEVEMENTTOWHICHESTABLISHMENTOFJOINTVENTURELAWFIRMSCONTRIBUTESMOST．THEJOINTVENTURELAWFIRMCONSISTINGOFATLEASTTHREELAWYERSISALAWFIRM，WITHOUTGOVERNMENTFUNDINGANDGOVERNMENTHEADCOUNT．ITISFINANCIALLYINDEPENDENT，SELFCONTROLLED，ANDSELFDEVELOPEDANDITSPARTNERSHAVEUNLIMITEDLIABILITYFORTHEFIRM’SDEBT．NOW，90％OFTHELAWFIRMSINCHINAAREJOINTVENTURELAWFMUS．THEREFORE，SUPPORTANDIMPROVEMENTFORTHEJOINTVENTURELAWFIRMWILLFACILITATETHEWHOLELAWYERBUSINESS．THISTHESISWILLSTUDYHOWTOADJUSTANDIMPROVETHESTRATEGYOFJOINTLAWVENTUREFIRMINTHENEWMARKETINGCONDITIONS，HOWTOIMPROVETHECOMPETITIONCAPACITYANDEXPANDTHEMARKETSHARE．FIRST，ITINTRODUCESTHESTATESQUOANDCHARACTERISTICSOFJOINTVENTURELAWFIRMSINCHINA．ITPOINTSOUTALLEXISTINGMODELOFSOMELAWFIRMSINWHICHMARKETSAREMAINLYDEVELOPEDBYTHEFIRM，ANDTHELAWYERSARECLASSIFIEDINACCORDANCEWITHTHEIRSPECIALTIES．INTHISMODEL，THEFIRSTSTEPISTOMAKEANIMPLEMENTATIONPLAN，THENSETUPAWHOLESYSTEMINCLUDINGTHECASEREPORT，CHECKING，INCENTIVEWAY，THECASEACCEPTANCE，DISTRIBUTIONANDHANDLING．SECOND，ITLISTSTHEPROBLEMS，WHICHWILLHAMPERTHEDEVELOPMENT，ANDMANAGEMENTOFJOINTVENTURELAWFIRMS，GIVESTHESUGGESTIONOFHOWTOOPTIMIZETHEEXTERNALCONDITIONSANDSETUPLARGESIZELAWFIRMS，MAKESANALYSISOFTHEECONOMICSYSTEMINSIDETHELAWFIRMANDUSESTHETOOLSOFSTRATEGYMANAGEMENT，SUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTANDBALANCESCORECARDTOIMPROVETHEECONOMICSYSTEMMANAGEMENTANDTOSOLVETHEINTERNALMANAGEMENTISSUESINSIDETHEJOINTLAWFIRM．LASTLY，THETHESISGIVESCONCLUSIONTHATAREASONABLEPARTNERSHIPSYSTEMANDTHECHANGEOFOPERATIONMINDISTHEKEYPOINTOFTHESTEADYDEVELOPMENTFORJOINTVENTURELAWFIRMS．ONLYWHENAJOINTVENTURELAWFNMHASTHESUITABLEHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMANDSETUPTHEMARKETORIENTEDMINDSETCANITSURVIVEANDGROWINTHEMARKETINGECONOMICCONDITION．KEYWORDSPARTNERSHIP，LAWFIRM，BALANCESCORECARDU

簡(jiǎn)介：塞Y772565後旦大擎碩士學(xué)位論文專業(yè)學(xué)位學(xué)校代碼10246學(xué)號(hào)022027136我國(guó)宗教事務(wù)地方立法之比較研究院系專業(yè)姓名指導(dǎo)教師完成日期法學(xué)院法律碩士王嵐張光杰副教授2005年4月19目中文摘要當(dāng)代中國(guó)正處在社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型和變革的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，如何直面社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型，以與時(shí)俱進(jìn)、求真務(wù)實(shí)的精神正確處理各種社會(huì)矛盾，有效管理社會(huì)公共事務(wù)，不僅成為國(guó)家和政府面臨的一個(gè)重要問(wèn)題，也成為法學(xué)界研究的一個(gè)新的領(lǐng)域和新的挑戰(zhàn)。宗教事務(wù)也是社會(huì)公共事務(wù)的一部分。如何正確面對(duì)宗教問(wèn)題和依法處理宗教事務(wù)，是解決依法管理宗教事務(wù)的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)和難點(diǎn)。這些問(wèn)題已經(jīng)成為宗教法令研究不可繞過(guò)得好望角。目前，我國(guó)還沒(méi)有制定出宗教基本法，本文以宗教立法的相關(guān)理論研究為基礎(chǔ)，借助于對(duì)中國(guó)具有代表意義的地方宗教法規(guī)規(guī)章進(jìn)行橫向比較，找出各個(gè)地區(qū)地方行宗教法規(guī)規(guī)章的相同點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn)，并從法理學(xué)的角度對(duì)這些相同點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析；同時(shí)將地方性的宗教法規(guī)進(jìn)行總結(jié)與國(guó)務(wù)院宗教事務(wù)條例進(jìn)行比較，探求宗教立法和國(guó)家對(duì)宗教政策的動(dòng)態(tài)。因此本文從理論探討到研究方法都有其學(xué)理上的和實(shí)踐上的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。希望本文研究的結(jié)果可以為正在進(jìn)行的宗教立法工作提供一些輔助性的研究資料。關(guān)鍵詞宗教信仰地方立法，地方性法規(guī)，地方性規(guī)章，宗教自由。中圖分類號(hào)D9

簡(jiǎn)介：東北大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文我國(guó)共青團(tuán)參與管理青少年事務(wù)問(wèn)題研究姓名邢鵬申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)行政管理指導(dǎo)教師孫萍20070101東北大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文ABSTRACTRESEARCHONTHEPARTICIPATINGMANAGEMENTINADOLESCENTAFFAIRSOFCHINACOMMUNISTYOUTHLEAGUECHINACOMMUNISTYOUTHLEAGUEISESTABLISHEDANDLEDBYTHECCPCHINESECOMMUNISTPARTYITISTHEORGANIZATIONOFOUTSTANDINGYOUTHSWITHGLORYHISTORYANDREVOLUTIONARYTRADITIONTHESCHOOLFORTHEYOUTHSTOSTUDYCOMMUNISMANDSOCIALISMWITHCHINESEEHARAETERISTICSINPRACTICE，ANDTHEASSISTANTANDRE船1“VESOFTHECCP。ITSOBJECTOFWORKISTHEADOLESCENTSINTHE15THNATIONALCONGRESSOFTHECOMMUNISTYOUTHLEAGUEOFCHINAASSISTINGTHEGOVERNMENTTOMANAGEYOUTHAFFAIRSBECAMEONEOFTHERESPONSIBILITIESOFTHECOMMUNISTYOUTHLEAGUEFORTHEFIRSTTIMECHINAISACOUNTRYINTRANSITIONESPECIALLYINTHEEMERGENTPERIODOFADMINISTRATIVESYSTEMREFORMHOWTHECOMMUNISTYOUTHLEAGUEPERFOMLSINTHEGOVERNMENTALADMINISTRATIONOFPUBLICAFFAIRS，INPARTICULARMANAGEMENTOFADOLESCENTAFFAIRSISANIMPORTANTPROBLEMTOBESOLVEDFIRSTOFALL，BASEDONTHECONCEPTSOFADOLESCENTANDADOLESCENTAFFAIRS，THISTHESISANALYZESTHEGENERALSTUDYONMANAGEMENTINADOLESCENTAFFAIRSBOTHHOMEANDABROADTHENITDISCOVERSTHETHEORYOFMANAGEMENTINADOLESCENTAFFAIRSDISCUSSESTHEFUNCTIONALORIENTATIONOFTHECOMMUNISTYOUTHLEAGUEACCORDINGTOTHETHIRDDEPARTMENTTHEORYDEFINESTHE‘ROLES“OFTHECOMMUNISTYOUTHLEAGUE，ANDANATOMIZESTHEPROBLEMSANDTHEI煳11SOFTHEMINITSMANAGEMENTOFADOLESCENTAFFAIRSORTHEBASISOFSUMMARIZINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHINACOMMUNISTYOUTHLEAGUEANDTHEHISTORYANDACHIEVEMENTOFITSPARTICIPATINGMANAGEMENTINADOLESCENTAFFAIRSFINALLY，COMBIMGWITHTHEANATOMYABOVEANDPRACTICALWORK，ITBRINGSFORWARDTHESPECIFICMT琵ULESTOP嗽THEPARTICIPATINGMANAGEMENTINADOLESCENTAFFAIRSOFTHECOMMUNISTYOUTHLEAGUEFROMTHEANGLEOFFOURASPECTSWHICHARCIMPROVINGTHECOUR∞OFLEGISLATIONFORADOLESCENTAFFAIRSREALIZINGTHEEFFECTIVECONNECTIONWITHGOVERNMENTALPROJECTS，ACCELERATETHEFUNCTIONALTRANSITIONOFTHECOMMUNISTYOUTHLEAGUEANDPROMOTINGTHESYSTEMATICOPERATIONOFWORKINGMECHANISMⅡI

簡(jiǎn)介：Y1日毒33‘0安徽大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文研究方向匠蔓近遮洼堂二OO六年十月十八日國(guó)外有關(guān)民事裁判文書(shū)中說(shuō)理問(wèn)題的演進(jìn)，以及兩大法系國(guó)家有關(guān)民事裁判文書(shū)說(shuō)理方面的做法并分別對(duì)其作了利弊分析，以此供后文對(duì)相關(guān)體制、制度的改革提供借鑒。第四部分針對(duì)民事裁判文書(shū)中說(shuō)理存在的問(wèn)題及其產(chǎn)生的原因等，結(jié)合國(guó)外的相關(guān)做法，提出了改革方案。認(rèn)為首先要從四個(gè)方面對(duì)現(xiàn)行的民事判決書(shū)進(jìn)行改革～是改革結(jié)構(gòu)；二是在上述改革的結(jié)構(gòu)中充實(shí)相關(guān)內(nèi)容；三是增設(shè)附頁(yè)；四是適度公開(kāi)法官不同意見(jiàn)。其次，探討了民事裁判文書(shū)全面、充分說(shuō)理所應(yīng)具備的條件。一是司法獨(dú)立；二是司法具有完整的司法權(quán)；三是法官精英化。最后，提出相關(guān)體制、制度的改革設(shè)計(jì)。認(rèn)為主要從四個(gè)方面進(jìn)行一、司法獨(dú)立并且賦予其完整的司法權(quán)；二是實(shí)行法官精英化，建立法官助手制度；三是確立民事裁判文書(shū)說(shuō)理原則，創(chuàng)建不說(shuō)理無(wú)效制度；四是修改民事訴訟法，明確審判依據(jù)，并且將法理作為裁判依據(jù)。關(guān)鍵詞說(shuō)理完整司法權(quán)改革完善2

簡(jiǎn)介：華中科技大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文鄭州市政府機(jī)關(guān)事務(wù)工作改革與發(fā)展研究姓名袁希剛申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)公共管理指導(dǎo)教師徐曉林20050423華中科技大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文ABSTRACTITISOFSIGNIFICANCETOATTACHIMPORTANCETOANDENHANCETHESCIENTIFICSTUDYONTHEGOVERNMENTALAFFAIRS,ANDTOKNOWANDGRASPTHEINNERRULESOFITSOASTOCHANGETHEGOVERNMENT’SFUNCTIONANDIMPROVETHEADMINISTRATIVEWORKINGEFFICIENCY．SOINTHISPAPER,WHICHISBASEDONTHECOMBINATIONOFMYOWNEXPERIENCEANDTHEDEEPRESEARCHOFGOVERNMENTALAFFAIRSINZHENGZHOUANDALSOTHEFINDINGSINTHISFIELDATHOMEANDABROAD，IFIRSTINTRODUCETHEBASICMEANINGANDMAINCONTCN姆OFTHEGOVERNMENTALAFFAIRS，ANDSMDYTHESCIENTIFICORIENTATIONANDTHEBASICFUNCTIONOFTHEGOVERNMENTALAFFAIRSFROMTHEANGLESOFTHEHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTANDTHEPUBLICMANAGEMENT．THEPAPERTAKESU．S．A．ASANEXAMPLETOANALYZETHEAFFAIRSMANAGEMENTINTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESSOASTOSUMMARIZETHEDIFFERENCESINGOVERNMENTALAFFAIRSMANAGEMENTINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESANDOURCOUNTRY．NEXT，ICONSCIENTIOUSLYANALYZETHECURRENTCONDITION，THEEXISTINGPROBLEMSANDTHEIRCAUSESOFZHENGZHOUGOVERNMENTAFFAIRSONTHEBASISOFFULLYSURVEYINGANDSTUDYING，ANDPOIMOUTTHATTHEREFORMOFGOVERNMENTALAFFAIRSMANAGEMENTSYSTEMISOFNODELAY．THEN}ONTHEABOVEMENTIONEDFOUNDATIONSOFANALYZING，IMAKEOUTTHEREASONS，DIRECTIONANDTHEBASICPRINCIPLEOFTHEREFORMANDEMPHASIZESEVERALPROBLEMSNEEDINGTOBESOLVEDINDEEPENINGTHEREFORM。；FINALLY,ACCORDINGTOTHEREALWORKINGSITUATIONINZHENGZHOUGOVEMMENT，BORROWINGDOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALADVANCEDEXPERIENCEFORREFERENCE,IPROPOSETHECOUNTERNRLEASLLRESANDASSUMPTIONSOFTHEWORKINGREFORMOFGOVERNMENTALAFFAIRSINZHENGZHOU．THISPAPERPUTSFORTHEFFORTTOPROBEINTOHOWTOCONSTRUCTTHEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMANDENSURINGSYSTEM，WHICHFITSINWITHTHESOCIALISTMARKETECONOMYSYSTEM，ACCORDSWITHTHEGOVERNMENT’SREALCONDITION，ANDREFLECTTHEINHERENTLAWOFTHEGOVERNMENTALAFFAIRS,SOASTO{IBERATEANDDEVELOPTHELOGISTICALPRODUCTIVITY,MAKETHEGOVERNMENTAFFAIRSUNDERTHESCIENTIFICMANAGEMENT,ANDENSURELEGAII矗NGANDSOCIALIZEDSERVICE。KCYWORDMUNICIPALGOVERNMENTINZHENGZHOUGOVERNMENTALAFFAIRSLOGISTICSREFORMLL

簡(jiǎn)介：在職攻讀碩士學(xué)位論文在職攻讀碩士學(xué)位論文論會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所論會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所的組織形式組織形式導(dǎo)師盧代富師盧代富教授教授作者張文莉者張文莉中國(guó)重慶中國(guó)重慶二○○七年九月二○○七年九月因。但傳統(tǒng)的合伙制有其內(nèi)在缺陷，因此，有限責(zé)任合伙應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。第二部分，典型國(guó)家的會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所組織形式概述。美國(guó)和法國(guó)的會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所組織形式呈現(xiàn)出截然不同的特色，造成這些差異有其內(nèi)在的深層原因。第三部分，中國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所組織形式及其完善途徑。在借鑒和參考國(guó)外經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，筆者針對(duì)我國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所在組織形式方面存在的問(wèn)題，提出了相應(yīng)的意見(jiàn)和建議。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所；組織形式；有限責(zé)任制；無(wú)限責(zé)任制

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簡(jiǎn)介：廈門大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文晚清湘潭公共事務(wù)與地方政治姓名陳瑤申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)專門史指導(dǎo)教師王日根20080501PUBLICAFFAIRSANDLOCALPOLITICSOFXIANGTANINLATEQINGABSTRACTSOFFICIALANDGENTRYPARTICIPATEDINTHESOCIALMANAGEMENTTOGETHERFROMLATEMINGDYNASTYINTHEPUBLICSPACEINCHINAHISTORYWHEREMEYINFLUENCEDEACHOTHERANDKEPTASSOCIATIONWHICHWASINDYNAMICBALANCEFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFREGIONALSOCIALHISTORYSTUDIES，THISDISSERTATIONHASANALYZEDTHENETWORKSTRUCTURINGPROCESSOFPUBLICAFFAIRS，ANDDISCUSSEDTHEDEVELOPINGMODELOFPUBLIEORGANIZATIONSINMIDDLEANDSMALLCITIESTHROUGHCOMPARISONANDFIGUREDOUTTHEASSOCIATIONBETWEENOFFICIALANDGENTRYTHROUGHTHERESEARCHIPOINTOUTTHERETUMINGOFXIANGAMYHASINFLUENCEDTHELATEQINGHISTORYOFXIANGTANTHELOCALGENTRYASSOCIATEDWITHXIANGAMYHAVEGRADUALLYCONTROLLEDPUBLICSPACE，BUTTHEIRENDEAVORINPUBLICAFFAIRSCOULDNOTCOMPAREWITHTHEGENTRYINBIGCITIESONTHEOPPOSITE，TLLEYHAVEMADELLSEOFTHEPUBLICORGANIZATIONSTOPARTICIPATEINTOLOCALPOLITICSMADETHEOFFICIALHAVETOCOMPROMISE，ANDSURVIVEDTHEGRANARYBUREAUFORTHEMOMENTKEYWORDSXIANGTAN；PUBLICAFFAIRS；LOCALPOLITICSII