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簡(jiǎn)介:JOURNALOFINTERNETBANKINGANDCOMMERCEANOPENACCESSINTERNETJOURNALHTTP//WWWARRAYDEVCOM/COMMERCE/JIBC/JOURNALOFINTERNETBANKINGANDCOMMERCE,AUGUST2011,VOL16,NO2HTTP//WWWARRAYDEVCOM/COMMERCE/JIBC/ONLINEPEERTOPEERLENDING–ALITERATUREREVIEWALEXANDERBACHMANNALEXANDERBACHMANNSTUDLEUPHANADE,ALEXANDERBECKERALEXANDERBECKERSTUDLEUPHANADE,DANIELBUERCKNERDANIELBUERCKNERSTUDLEUPHANADE,MICHELHILKERMICHELBHILKERSTUDLEUPHANADE,FRANKKOCKFRANKKOCKSTUDLEUPHANADE,MARKLEHMANNMARKLEHMANNSTUDLEUPHANADEPHILLIPTIBURTIUSPHILLIPTIBURTIUSUNILEUPHANADEALLAUTHORSMENTIONEDABOVEAREGRADUATESTUDENTSATTHELEUPHANAUNIVERSITYINLüNEBURG,GERMANY,INTHEFIELDMANAGEMENTANDENTREPRENEURSHIPBURKHARDTFUNKFULLPROFESSOR,LEUPHANAUNIVERSITY,LüNEBURG,GERMANYPOSTALADDRESSSCHARNHORSTSTRA?E1,21335LüNEBURG,GERMANYEMAILFUNKUNILEUPHANADEBURKHARDTFUNKISAFULLPROFESSORINTHEFIELDOFINFORMATIONSYSTEMSHISRESEARCHINTERESTSCOVERAWIDERANGEOFTOPICS,EGDECISIONMAKINGINTHECONTEXTOFECOMMERCESCENARIOSANDTHEINTEGRATIONOFERPSYSTEMSANDENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMSASAMEMBEROFTHEPRESIDENTIALBOARDOFTHEUNIVERSITYHEISRESPONSIBLEFORTHEOVERALLITSTRATEGYOFTHELEUPHANAUNIVERSITYHEHASFOUNDEDSEVERALCOMPANIESANDCONSULTEDMAJOREUROPEANENTERPRISESJIBCAUGUST2011,VOL16,NO23INTRODUCTIONWITHTHEUPCOMINGPOPULARITYOFONLINECOMMUNITIESINTHEPASTDECADEANEWWAYOFLOANORIGINATIONHASENTEREDTHECREDITMARKETONLINEPEERTOPEERP2PLENDINGITTRANSFERSTHEOLDIDEAOFPERSONALCREDITSINTOTHEWORLDWIDEWEBINTHISKINDOFLENDINGMODELTHEMEDIATIONOFFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSISNOTREQUIREDHERZENSTEINETAL,2008GALLOWAY,2009THEDECISIONPROCESSOFLOANORIGINATIONISGIVENINTOTHEHANDOFPRIVATELENDERSANDBORROWERS,ANDWEBSITESLIKEPROSPERCOMOFFERTHEMAPLATFORMTOENGAGEWITHEACHOTHERWITHINTHESEPLATFORMSBORROWERSGENERALLYDESCRIBETHEPURPOSEOFTHEIRLOANREQUESTANDPROVIDEINFORMATIONABOUTTHEIRCURRENTFINANCIALSITUATION,LIKEINCOMEOROPENCREDITLINESLENDERSTHENHAVETHEOPPORTUNITYTOOFFERALOANWITHANINTERESTRATEDERIVEDUPONTHISINFORMATIONFORBORROWERS,ONLINEP2PLENDINGISAWAYTORECEIVEALOANWITHOUTAFINANCIALINSTITUTIONINVOLVEDINTHEDECISIONPROCESSANDMIGHTALSOBEAPOSSIBILITYTORECEIVEBETTERCONDITIONSTHANINTHETRADITIONALBANKINGSYSTEMFORLENDERSITCANBESEENASANINVESTMENTMODELWHERETHEINVESTMENTRISKISCOUPLEDTOTHECREDITRATINGOFTHEFUNDEDLOANSTHEPLATFORMSTHEMSELVESOFTENBENEFITBYRAISINGFEESFORSUCCESSFULREALIZEDTRANSACTIONSGALLOWAY,2009ALTHOUGHONLINEP2PLENDINGISARELATIVELYYOUNGFIELDOFRESEARCHANINCREASINGAMOUNTOFSCIENTIFICCONTRIBUTIONSHASBEENPUBLISHEDINRECENTYEARSIYER,KHWAJA,LUTTMER,POPERAVINA,2007WITHTHEEMERGENCEOFTHEFIRSTONLINEP2PLENDINGPLATFORM“ZOPA”THENEWLENDINGMODELRAISEDATTENTIONFORTHEFIRSTTIMEINTHEYEAR2006HULMEWRIGHT,2006HOWEVERITWASPROSPERCOM,WHOCAUSEDAWAVEOFSCIENTIFICCONTRIBUTIONSBYMAKINGTHEENTIREPLATFORM’SDATAPUBLICIN2007SINCETHEN,THETOPICHASATTRACTEDRESEARCHERSFROMTHEFIELDSOFECONOMICS,INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDSOCIALSCIENCESTOINVESTIGATETHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENLENDERSANDBORROWERSINONLINEP2PLENDINGPLATFORMSFOLLOWINGTHISEMERGENTRESEARCHAREA,WESAWTHENEEDFORACOMPREHENSIVELITERATUREREVIEWTHATGIVESANOVERVIEWOFTHECURRENTSTATEOFSCIENTIFICRESEARCHINP2PLENDINGITISOURGOALTOINTEGRATEDIFFERENTREPRESENTATIVERESEARCHCONTRIBUTIONSANDPROVIDEASYNOPSISOFTHEDETERMINANTSINP2PLENDINGOURMAINTARGETGROUPSAREREADERSFROMTHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMANDFINANCIALMANAGEMENTCOMMUNITIESAFTERDESCRIBINGTHEPAPERSELECTIONAPPROACHASHORTOVERVIEWOFTHEONLINEP2PLENDINGMARKETANDITSSTAKEHOLDERSISGIVENTHEMAINPARTOFTHISREVIEWCOVERSTHEDETERMINANTSINP2PLENDINGWEDIVIDETHEMINTOFINANCIALCHARACTERISTICS,ALSOCALLEDHARDFACTORS,ANDSOFTFACTORSLIKEDEMOGRAPHICCHARACTERISTICSANDGROUPINTERMEDIATIONWECONCLUDEWITHIDEASFORFUTURERESEARCHINONLINEP2PLENDINGPAPERSELECTIONINTHESUMMEROF2010WECONDUCTEDAKEYWORDSEARCHINGOOGLESCHOLARWITHTHETERMS“P2PLENDING”AND“PEERTOPEERLENDING”ANDINCLUDEDFURTHERARTICLESTHROUGHBACKWARDANDFORWARDSEARCHSINCETHETOPICISYOUNGANDMOSTJOURNALSANDCONFERENCESOPENTHEIRDATABASESFORSEARCHENGINESLIKEGOOGLESCHOLAR,WECONCLUDEDTHATANYSEARCHBIASWOULDBELIMITEDANDTHEREFOREREFRAINEDFROMAJOURNALSEARCH
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簡(jiǎn)介:7700英文單詞,英文單詞,42萬(wàn)英文字符,中文萬(wàn)英文字符,中文13萬(wàn)字萬(wàn)字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處MARTINSNR,DAGRA?AGCIMPACTOFPM25ININDOORURBANENVIRONMENTSAREVIEWJSUSTAINABLECITIESANDSOCIETY422018259–275IMPACTOFPM25ININDOORURBANENVIRONMENTSAREVIEWNUNORMARTINS,GUILHERMECARRILHODAGRA?AABSTRACTAIRBORNEFINEPARTICULATEMATTERPM25ISAPOLLUTANTTHATISFOUNDINALLURBANENVIRONMENTSPM25ISPREDOMINANTLYGENERATEDBYTRAFFICANDDOMESTICFUELCOMBUSTIONANDHASSIGNIFICANTNEGATIVEHEALTHIMPACTSTHEEVERGROWINGURBANPOPULATIONSPENDSMOSTOFTHEIRTIMEININDOORENVIRONMENTSWHEREITISEXPOSEDTOPM25THATISBROUGHTINFROMTHEOUTDOORENVIRONMENTBYVENTILATIONAIRFLOWSEVERALSTUDIESSHOWTHISINFLOWOFOUTDOORPM25,COMBINEDWITHINTERNALSOURCESEGINDOORCOMBUSTION,PARTICLERESUSPENSIONCANLEADTOANI/ORATIOABOVEONEINDOORAIRQUALITYISLOWERTHANOUTDOORSTHEMOSTCOMMONAPPROACHTOLIMITVENTILATIONINFLOWOFPM25ISTHEUSEOFMECHANICALVENTILATIONSYSTEMSWITHCLOTHFILTERSTHATCANSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEVENTILATIONFANENERGYCONSUMPTIONDECREASINGEXPOSURETOPM25ISCHALLENGING,REQUIRINGATHOROUGHUNDERSTANDINGOFPM25′SORIGINANDTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENBUILDINGSANDTHEIRSURROUNDINGENVIRONMENTTHISREVIEWOFTHEIMPACTOFPM25ININDOORURBANENVIRONMENTSSUMMARIZESEXISTINGRESEARCHINTHISAREA,SPECIFICALLY,THEMAINPM25SOURCESANDSINKSINOUTDOORANDINDOORURBANENVIRONMENTS,THEPM25EXPOSURELIMITSTHATARECURRENTLYAPPLICABLETHROUGHOUTTHEWORLD,THEMAINSOCIOECONOMICIMPACTSOFEXPOSURETOPM25ANDTHEMOSTPROMISINGSOLUTIONSTOMINIMIZEINDOOREXPOSUREKEYWORDSREVIEWPM25FINEPARTICLESPARTICLEEXPOSUREINDOORAIRAIRQUALITYMODELING1INTRODUCTIONTHETERMAIRPOLLUTIONREFERSTOAGROUPOFAIRBORNEPOLLUTANTSTHATAREKNOWNTOCONTRIBUTETODECREASEDLIFEEXPECTANCYBAKLANOV,MOLINA,LAVEWHERETHEHIGHERPOPULATIONDENSITYLEADSTOHIGHERPOLLUTANTGENERATIONANDHIGHERHUMANEXPOSUREBAKLANOVETAL,2016DENSECITYCENTRESHAVEACONTAINMENTEFFECTONBLACKCARBONEMISSIONSFROMFOSSILFUELPOWEREDTRANSPORTATION,DOMESTICSTOVESANDSPACEHEATINGFARRELL,DEVILLECAVELLIN,WEICHENTHAL,GOLDBERG,HABREETAL,2014THEHIGHPOLLUTIONLEVELSTHATAREFOUNDINMOSTLARGECITIESARETRANSPORTEDINTOTHEINDOORENVIRONMENTBYVENTILATIONANDINFILTRATIONAIRFLOWSTHEMOSTWIDESPREADAPPROACHTOLIMITINDOORPM25LEVELSINCOMMERCIALBUILDINGSISTHEUSEOFCLOTHFILTERSINTEGRATEDINMECHANICALVENTILATIONSYSTEMSTHESEFILTERSCANREACHPM25REMOVALEFFICIENCIESABOVE99LIU,XIAOETAL,2017,ALBEITATTHECOSTOFPLACINGALARGEPRESSURELOADONTHEVENTILATIONSYSTEMANDINCREASINGTHEENERGYCONSUMPTIONOFTHEVENTILATIONFANSAZIMI,ZHAO,STEPHENS,2014INLOCATIONSWHEREELECTRICITYGENERATIONISBASEDONFOSSILFUELS,THISHIGHERPOWERCONSUMPTIONFURTHERINCREASESPM25EMISSIONSINTOTHEATMOSPHEREINCONTRAST,NATURALVENTILATIONNVWITHOPENWINDOWS,WHICHISMORECOMMONLYUSEDINRESIDENTIALBUILDINGSANDHASRECENTLYGAINEDPOPULARITYINCOMMERCIALBUILDINGS,REQUIRESNOELECTRICPOWERAND,THUS,DOESNOTINCREASEPM25EMISSIONSHOWEVER,NVAIRFLOWISDRIVENBYLOWPRESSUREDIFFERENCESAND,THEREFORE,ISUNABLETOSURPASSTHEPRESSUREDROPOFACLOTHFILTER,THUSDISALLOWINGTHEIRUSEANDENABLINGTHEUNOBSTRUCTEDINFLOWOFOUTDOORFINEPARTICLESDECREASINGOCCUPANTEXPOSURETOPM25WHILESIMULTANEOUSLYPROVIDINGACOMFORTABLEINDOORENVIRONMENTATALOWENERGYCOSTREQUIRESINNOVATIVESOLUTIONSFURTHER,IDENTIFYINGTHEBESTSOLUTIONSREQUIRESATHOROUGHUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEINTERACTIONOFBUILDINGSWITHTHEIRLOCALENVIRONMENTTHISREVIEWOFRECENTSTUDIESANSWERS,INTHEFOLLOWINGSIXSECTIONS,ASETOFPERTINENTQUESTIONSTHATFACETHEBUILDINGDESIGNRESEARCHCOMMUNITYWHENDEALINGWITHTHEIMPACTOFPM25WITHINTHEBUILTINDOORENVIRONMENTTHEQUESTIONANSWEREDINSECTION2ISWHATARETHEMAINSOURCESANDSINKSOFPM25INTHEOUTDOORURBANENVIRONMENTTHEORIGINOFPM25INTHEOUTDOORENVIRONMENTISDESCRIBEDINTHISSECTION,ASWELLASTHEEFFECTOFLOCALCLIMATEANDTOPOGRAPHYONPM25LEVELSTHEQUESTIONANSWEREDINSECTION3ISWHATEXPOSURELIMITSARECURRENTLYAPPLICABLEINDIFFERENTPARTSOFTHEWORLDWHATISTHEEXPECTEDEVOLUTIONOFTHESELIMITSTHISSECTIONPRESENTSREGULATIONSANDGUIDELINESSETBYNATIONALREGULATORSANDINTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONSTOLIMITHUMANEXPOSURETOPM25THEQUESTIONANSWEREDINSECTION4ISWHATARETHEMAINSOURCESANDSINKSOFPM25INTHEINDOORENVIRONMENTWHATISTHEAVERAGERATIOBETWEENINDOORANDOUTDOORPM25INDIFFERENTTYPESOFBUILDINGSTHEMAINSOURCESANDSINKSOFPM25INTHEINDOORENVIRONMENTAREDISCUSSEDINTHISSECTION,ALONGWITHASURVEYOFMEASUREDINDOOR/OUTDOORPM25CONCENTRATIONRATIOSTHEQUESTIONANSWEREDINSECTION5ISWHATARETHEMOSTCOMMONAPPROACHESUSEDTOPREDICTINDOORPM25LEVELS
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簡(jiǎn)介:中文中文5100字,字,3200單詞,單詞,16萬(wàn)英文字符萬(wàn)英文字符出處出處STONEA,LINDTJWVD,CHENSDESIGNANDCOSTSFORSIMPLEMADECONTINUOUSROLLEDSTEELGIRDERBRIDGESLITERATURESURVEYJPRACTICEPERIODICALONSTRUCTURALDESIGNJWVANDELINDT,MASCE2ANDSCHEN,MASCE3摘要在整個(gè)美國(guó),采用先簡(jiǎn)支后連續(xù)方法修建的鋼橋正越來(lái)越興起,因?yàn)樗茱@著地節(jié)約成本。特別是,該方法能避免鋼主梁鋼部分拼接,而且可以按簡(jiǎn)支梁設(shè)計(jì)梁和板的恒重,然后其他的活載和剩下的恒荷按連續(xù)梁設(shè)計(jì)。這樣消除了判定和考慮棱角部位是有利與不利部位的時(shí)間。而且因?yàn)椴恍枰罅科唇臃矫娴墓ぷ髁?,大大加快了建設(shè)速度。在2006年,科羅拉多州交通局發(fā)起了一項(xiàng)研究用來(lái)1評(píng)核當(dāng)前使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型鋼簡(jiǎn)支變連續(xù)的方法;2開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)圖表用以快速擬定鋼橋尺寸和進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)支變連續(xù)橋成本估算。本文直到2007年才為這種結(jié)構(gòu)提出一種先進(jìn)的復(fù)核模式,本文集中研究了最近完成的很成功的此類土木工程項(xiàng)目。土木工程數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)主題詞橋梁設(shè)計(jì);鋼梁;橋梁;鋼材;造價(jià)。本文關(guān)鍵詞簡(jiǎn)支變連續(xù);鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì);橋梁設(shè)計(jì);型鋼梁。介紹過(guò)去50年里,在美國(guó)的中西部,中小跨徑的鋼橋的建設(shè)規(guī)模已經(jīng)下滑,最好的形勢(shì),也只是保持穩(wěn)態(tài),而預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋混凝土橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)占據(jù)著主要市場(chǎng)。特別是在科羅拉多州,實(shí)際上鋼橋梁建設(shè)市場(chǎng)漸漸消退而預(yù)應(yīng)力的橋梁占據(jù)市場(chǎng)的現(xiàn)象早已為人所知。它市場(chǎng)消退的一個(gè)原因是,在這個(gè)區(qū)域缺少與該州較強(qiáng)實(shí)力的預(yù)制混凝土公司合作的鋼鐵廠。另外,在某些區(qū),如科羅拉多州,缺乏可用資金和創(chuàng)新工藝和機(jī)具去設(shè)計(jì)和修建鋼橋梁,也妨害了這個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。在橋型式選擇的投標(biāo)過(guò)程中,投標(biāo)者必須做一些準(zhǔn)確預(yù)算鋼材與混凝土方面的工作。預(yù)制混凝土產(chǎn)業(yè)也已經(jīng)致力于探究新的工藝使這個(gè)過(guò)程更加容易,隨后借此占據(jù)了在科羅拉多州的市場(chǎng)。這些工藝類型對(duì)于投標(biāo)鋼橋梁是行不通的,因此,對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)和建筑承包商而言,需要在鋼材的選擇上做更多工作。這個(gè)趨勢(shì)使得投標(biāo)者去思考出更容易的,隨著時(shí)間推移,更令人熟悉的選擇,而且此類選擇逐漸被預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土市場(chǎng)所占據(jù)。在這種方法中,鋼梁被預(yù)制和運(yùn)送到作業(yè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng),工人在低應(yīng)力狀態(tài)下用螺栓或焊接拼接方法將它們組裝起來(lái)。而最近有一個(gè)比較簡(jiǎn)單的方法,其中簡(jiǎn)支梁是按照設(shè)計(jì)者的規(guī)定設(shè)計(jì),然后主梁在橋墩處通過(guò)使用一個(gè)混凝土的隔板或一個(gè)搭接板連接使之成為連續(xù)體系。(AZIZINAMINIETAL2005)。在這種方法中,當(dāng)混凝土路面和搭接板澆筑完成時(shí),簡(jiǎn)支梁的承受荷載就得考慮自重和潮濕的混凝土路面的總和?;炷粮舭逵步Y(jié)之后結(jié)果就變成連續(xù)體系梁橋,所有其它的荷載(活荷載,二期恒載)被連續(xù)體系的主梁共同承擔(dān)。這一種理念稱之為簡(jiǎn)支承受恒載,連續(xù)承受活載,或者叫簡(jiǎn)支變連續(xù)體系(AZIZINAMINIETAL2005)。與“傳統(tǒng)方法”相比參照,采用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的拼裝方法實(shí)現(xiàn)的簡(jiǎn)支變連續(xù)具有一些優(yōu)點(diǎn),主要有1它不需要昂貴的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)拼接費(fèi)用;2減少在支點(diǎn)的負(fù)彎矩,同時(shí)增加了在跨中的正彎矩;3全跨都采用等截面設(shè)計(jì)可以減少裝配難度,最大限度減少鋼梁的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì);4小型號(hào)的起重機(jī)就能滿足裝配主梁系統(tǒng)的需求;5不需要現(xiàn)場(chǎng)拼裝,架設(shè)時(shí)間減少;6與常規(guī)比較方法相比,對(duì)交通中斷影響較小。截至2007年,有幾個(gè)州已經(jīng)開(kāi)始在他們的一些鋼橋中,設(shè)計(jì)和施工采用這種類型。已經(jīng)修造了簡(jiǎn)單變連續(xù)的鋼橋的各州名單中包括科羅拉多州,新墨西哥州,內(nèi)布拉斯加州,俄亥俄州,和田納西州。本文對(duì)這些橋梁項(xiàng)目做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的概要,主要包括設(shè)計(jì)方法和造價(jià)比較。內(nèi)布拉斯加州最近內(nèi)布拉斯加公路局與內(nèi)布拉斯加大學(xué)聯(lián)合合作,確定/制定一個(gè)小跨徑(80110英尺)鋼橋梁比較經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的解決方案(AZIZINAMINIETAL2003)。兩個(gè)提出的備選方案一個(gè)是主梁在簡(jiǎn)支時(shí)承擔(dān)恒載,而連續(xù)時(shí)承擔(dān)活載;另一個(gè)是主梁全部連續(xù)承擔(dān)所有的恒載與活載。隨后進(jìn)行的兩個(gè)備選方案試驗(yàn)表明,連續(xù)時(shí)承擔(dān)活載的主梁,在支點(diǎn)處只產(chǎn)生一個(gè)較小的負(fù)彎矩,同時(shí)在跨中產(chǎn)生較高的正彎矩(AZIZINAMINIETAL2003)。這個(gè)結(jié)果很具有吸引力,正如上面提到的現(xiàn)象,因?yàn)檫@樣可以斷定將主梁全長(zhǎng)度設(shè)計(jì)為等截面是經(jīng)濟(jì)的。經(jīng)過(guò)比較選擇,內(nèi)布拉斯加大學(xué)推薦恒載簡(jiǎn)支而活載連續(xù)梁。他們最初在支點(diǎn)連接處細(xì)節(jié)構(gòu)造設(shè)計(jì),如圖1所示。
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簡(jiǎn)介:交通運(yùn)輸2004,VOLXIX,NO2,7581中文中文57005700字出處出處MAKSIMAVI?IUSMAKSIMAVI?IUSRRSOMESOMEELEMENTSELEMENTSOFOFTHETHEROROROROTERMINALSJTERMINALSJTRANSPORT,TRANSPORT,2004,2004,19275811927581滾裝碼頭的要素介紹滾裝碼頭的要素介紹呂卡達(dá)斯呂卡達(dá)斯馬克西瑪維丘斯馬克西瑪維丘斯克萊佩達(dá)大學(xué)克萊佩達(dá)大學(xué),比巨納比巨納17,17,克萊佩達(dá)克萊佩達(dá),LT,LT‐5800,5800,立陶宛立陶宛摘要摘要滾裝運(yùn)輸是海洋物流業(yè)務(wù)的重要組成部分,但是及時(shí)裝運(yùn)貨物和裝船工藝是影響滾裝船貨運(yùn)時(shí)間的一個(gè)重要因素。如何最大程度的減少滾裝碼頭的裝船時(shí)間是研究的重點(diǎn)。否則可能會(huì)干擾船舶調(diào)度,甚至影響碼頭運(yùn)營(yíng)和港口交通。另一個(gè)經(jīng)常遇到的問(wèn)題是滾裝碼頭無(wú)法直接接受并處理到達(dá)的貨物。這主要是碼頭通過(guò)口岸、海關(guān)和邊境控制單元的數(shù)量不足,并且碼頭停車場(chǎng)/存儲(chǔ)能力和布置的不足。針對(duì)上述問(wèn)題,本文給出適當(dāng)?shù)挠?jì)算來(lái)評(píng)估碼頭口岸通過(guò)能力,海關(guān)和邊境控制設(shè)施。因此,嘗試優(yōu)化碼頭操作效率和吸引力,使削弱滾裝運(yùn)輸?shù)囊蛩赜绊憸p小,尤其是關(guān)于運(yùn)輸時(shí)間。關(guān)鍵詞碼頭,口岸,海關(guān)和邊境控制設(shè)施,滾裝船,停車關(guān)鍵詞碼頭,口岸,海關(guān)和邊境控制設(shè)施,滾裝船,停車/存儲(chǔ)能力。存儲(chǔ)能力。1.簡(jiǎn)介簡(jiǎn)介立陶宛滾裝船服務(wù)運(yùn)營(yíng)商在滾裝船運(yùn)輸市場(chǎng)激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中努力保留他們的位置,以及在新的滾裝船運(yùn)輸市場(chǎng)突破自身壯大自己。然而,值得一提的是,與其他運(yùn)輸公司和滾裝碼頭之間的合作不總是可行的,有時(shí)會(huì)使貨運(yùn)受到不利因素的影響,這會(huì)阻礙對(duì)其評(píng)估,同時(shí)影響貨物運(yùn)輸和交通流量。當(dāng)港口碼頭和滾裝船班輪經(jīng)營(yíng)者之間的合作不能很好的平衡雙方的利益時(shí),甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)更多的問(wèn)題。由于沒(méi)有道路供車輛行駛,滾裝船貨運(yùn)運(yùn)輸使車輛跨海貿(mào)易成為可能(當(dāng)沒(méi)有其他技術(shù)手段是可行的時(shí)候,黃金是非常昂貴的);沿著現(xiàn)有的公路網(wǎng)絡(luò),汽車滾裝碼頭有效的節(jié)省了汽車貿(mào)易的成本和時(shí)間。在新興市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)后,許多新的滾裝船貨運(yùn)線路很快被迫退出運(yùn)行和關(guān)閉,因?yàn)闆](méi)有前途,或其他的原因,如不好的績(jī)效和未能吸引到足夠的貨物,被低估的優(yōu)點(diǎn),缺點(diǎn)和威脅,和夸張的可能性評(píng)估,錯(cuò)誤評(píng)估貨運(yùn)流量和太樂(lè)觀的人生觀,解釋不足或產(chǎn)生對(duì)滾裝運(yùn)輸?shù)呢?fù)面影響因素估計(jì)不足,等等。本研究旨在通過(guò)確定所需的碼頭口岸數(shù)量、海關(guān)和邊境控制,以及停車場(chǎng)/倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)設(shè)施,確定滾裝輪渡貨運(yùn)的最小處理時(shí)間。在過(guò)去的十年中僅有較少的研究論文是與滾裝運(yùn)輸問(wèn)題有關(guān)的。重要的研究在交通工程領(lǐng)域,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域和物流對(duì)滾裝運(yùn)輸?shù)陌l(fā)展產(chǎn)生了多大的影響。一些描述性的敘事研究,為滾裝運(yùn)輸發(fā)展提供戰(zhàn)略解決方案。在過(guò)去的幾年中,科學(xué)家和研究人員已經(jīng)討論了汽車的遠(yuǎn)洋、鐵路和內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸問(wèn)題,并作出了嘗試。馬可波羅項(xiàng)目也為此事在很大程度上提供了可用經(jīng)驗(yàn)。交通運(yùn)輸2004,VOLXIX,NO2,7581考慮到客觀和主觀(圖1)可能影響滾裝貨物運(yùn)輸?shù)囊蛩?,我們可以減少這些影響,因?yàn)檫\(yùn)營(yíng)商能以自己的方式使運(yùn)輸影響減少。有些人注重滾裝運(yùn)輸成本、時(shí)間和安全性能的影響,便可降低和減少其對(duì)滾裝運(yùn)輸?shù)挠绊憽S行┯绊懸蛩厥强梢匀藶楦淖兊?,而有些是人為改變不了了的如天氣?zāi)害。不管是何種因素,只要是影響滾裝運(yùn)輸發(fā)展的都要考慮并評(píng)估。貨物運(yùn)輸成本在很大程度上影響到貨物運(yùn)輸選擇的交通工具,但是,若沒(méi)有考慮貨物輸送和處理效率,安全等方面都是不科學(xué)的。運(yùn)輸時(shí)間是滾裝貨物運(yùn)輸中的一個(gè)重要部分,運(yùn)營(yíng)商和政府機(jī)構(gòu)都要有滾裝碼頭作業(yè)布置對(duì)總運(yùn)輸時(shí)間的影響。標(biāo)簽打印和收集檢查進(jìn)入滾裝口岸邊境控制檢查海關(guān)清查等候裝船裝船貨物運(yùn)輸靠岸存儲(chǔ)地排隊(duì)邊境控制海關(guān)清查離開(kāi)碼頭圖22滾裝船貨物運(yùn)輸流程滾裝船貨物運(yùn)輸流程圖11滾裝貨物運(yùn)輸影響因素滾裝貨物運(yùn)輸影響因素
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簡(jiǎn)介:DESIGNANDCOSTSFORSIMPLEMADECONTINUOUSROLLEDSTEELGIRDERBRIDGESLITERATURESURVEYASTONE,AMASCE1JWVANDELINDT,MASCE2ANDSCHEN,MASCE3ABSTRACTTHEMETHODOFSIMPLEMADECONTINUOUSFORSTEELBRIDGESISBECOMINGMOREPOPULARTHROUGHOUTTHEUNITEDSTATESBECAUSEITENABLESSIGNIFICANTCOSTSAVINGSSPECIFICALLY,THEMETHODALLOWSONETOAVOIDSTEELBRIDGEGIRDERSPLICESANDDESIGNTHESTEELSECTIONSFORTHESELFWEIGHTANDTHEWEIGHTOFTHESLABASSIMPLYSUPPORTEDANDTHENTHEADDITIONOFLIVELOADANDREMAININGDEADLOADSASCONTINUOUSTHISBALANCESTHEMOMENTSBETWEENTHEPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVEREGIONSALLOWINGFORAPRISMATICSECTIONANDEVENADDSSPEEDOFCONSTRUCTIONSINCETHEFIELDSPLICESARENOTNEEDEDIN2006,THECOLORADODOTSPONSOREDASTUDYTO?1?REVIEWCURRENTAPPROACHESTOSIMPLEMADECONTINUOUSUSINGSTANDARDROLLEDSECTIONSAND?2?DEVELOPDESIGNCHARTSFORRAPIDSIZINGOFSTEELBRIDGEBEAMSANDCOSTESTIMATIONFORSIMPLEMADECONTINUOUSTHISPAPERPRESENTSASTATEOFTHEARTREVIEWUPUNTIL2007FORTHISTYPEOFCONSTRUCTIONANDFOCUSESONSEVERALOFTHEMOSTRECENTANDSUCCESSFULTRANSPORTATIONDEPARTMENTPROJECTSDOI101061/?ASCE?SC194355760000045CEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSBRIDGEDESIGNSTEELBEAMBRIDGES,STEELCOSTSAUTHORKEYWORDSSIMPLEMADECONTINUOUSSTEELDESIGNBRIDGEDESIGNROLLEDSTEELBEAMINTRODUCTIONOVERTHEPAST50YEARSINTHEMIDWESTERNUNITEDSTATES,CONSTRUCTIONOFSHORTTOMEDIUMSPANSTEELBRIDGESHASDECLINEDOR,ATBEST,REMAINEDCONSTANT,WHILEPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBRIDGECONSTRUCTIONHASDOMINATEDTHEMARKET?AZIZINAMINIETAL2003?THESTATEOFCOLORADO,INPARTICULAR,HASSEENSTEELBRIDGECONSTRUCTIONVIRTUALLYDISAPPEARANDTHEMARKETDOMINATEDBYPRESTRESSEDBRIDGES?WANG,T?2006?“COLORADODEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORTATION,”PERSONALCOMMUNICATION?ONEREASONFORTHISSHARPDECLINEISTHELACKOFSTEELMILLSINTHEREGIONCOMBINEDWITHASTRONGPRESENCEOFPRECASTCONCRETECOMPANIESINTHESTATEINADDITION,ALACKOFREADILYAVAILABLEECONOMICALANDINNOVATIVEPROCEDURESANDTOOLSTODESIGNANDCONSTRUCTSTEELBRIDGESHASHINDEREDTHEINDUSTRYINCERTAINAREASSUCHASCOLORADODURINGTHEBIDDINGPROCESSFORSELECTIONOFTHEBRIDGETYPE,ITISMANDATEDTHATACCURATEBIDDINGOFBOTHSTEELANDCONCRETEBEDEVELOPEDTHEPRECASTCONCRETEINDUSTRYHASWORKEDTODEVELOPTOOLSTOMAKETHISPROCESSEASIERANDSUBSEQUENTLYDOMINATEDTHEMARKETINCOLORADOTHESETYPESOFTOOLSARENOTAVAILABLEFORBIDDINGSTEELBRIDGES,THUSMOREWORKBYADESIGN/BUILDCONTRACTORISREQUIREDFORTHESTEELOPTIONTHETENDENCYISFORBIDDERSTOGOWITHTHEEASIER,ANDOVERTIME,MOREUNDERSTOODOPTIONANDTHUSTHETYPESELECTIONISROUTINELYDOMINATEDBYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETESIMPLEMADECONTINUOUSECONOMICALSTEELBRIDGEDESIGNMETHODTHECONVENTIONALAPPROACHFORCONSTRUCTINGMULTISPANSTEELBRIDGESISTODESIGNTHEMASCONTINUOUSGIRDERSTODISTRIBUTETHELOADOVERALLMEMBERSINTHATMETHOD,THEROLLEDGIRDERSAREFABRICATEDANDSHIPPEDTOTHEJOBSITEWHERETHEYAREASSEMBLEDBYTHECONTRACTORUSINGABOLTEDORWELDEDFIELDSPLICEATLOWSTRESSPOINTSTHEREISARELATIVELYRECENTMETHODWHERESIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMSARESPECIFIEDBYTHEDESIGNERANDBEAMSARETHENMADECONTINUOUSATTHEPIERSUSINGACONCRETEDIAPHRAGMORACONNECTIONPLATE?AZIZINAMINIETAL2005?INTHISAPPROACH,ONCETHESLABANDDIAPHRAGMAREPOURED,THESIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMACCOUNTSFORITSWEIGHTALONGWITHTHEWETCONCRETEDECKASTHECONCRETEDIAPHRAGMHARDENS,MAKINGTHEGIRDERSCONTINUOUS,ALLOTHERLOADS?LIVE,COMPOSITEDEAD?ARESHAREDTHROUGHTHESYSTEMOFBEAMSTHISLATTERCONCEPTISCALLEDSIMPLEFORDEADLOAD,CONTINUOUSFORLIVELOAD,ORSIMPLEMADECONTINUOUS?AZIZINAMINIETAL2005?SOMEOFTHEMAJORADVANTAGESOFTHESIMPLEMADECONTINUOUSMETHODOVERTHEFIELDSPLICEMETHOD,HEREAFTERREFERREDTOASTHE“CONVENTIONALMETHOD,”ARE?1?ITELIMINATESTHENEEDFOREXPENSIVEFIELDSPLICES?2?REDUCESTHENEGATIVEMOMENTATTHEPIER,WHILEINCREASINGTHEPOSITIVEMOMENTATMIDSPAN?3?MAINTAINSAUNIFORMCROSSSECTIONTHROUGHOUTSPANTOREDUCEFABRICATIONEFFORTLEADINGTOMINIMUMDETAILINGOFTHESTEELBEAM?4?SMALLERCRANESAREREQUIREDTOASSEMBLETHEBEAMSYSTEM?5?ERECTIONTIMEISREDUCEDWITHOUTTHENEEDFORFIELDSPICESAND?6?THEREISMINIMALTRAFFICINTERRUPTIONCOMPAREDTOTHECONVENTIONALMETHODASOF2007,SEVERALSTATESHAVEBEGUNTOIMPLEMENTTHISTYPEOFDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONFORSOMEOFTHEIRSTEELBRIDGESTHELISTOFSTATESTHATHAVEBUILTSIMPLEMADECONTINUOUSSTEEL1GRADUATERESEARCHASSISTANT,DEPTOFCIVILANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,COLORADOSTATEUNIV,FORTCOLLINS,CO8052323722PROFESSORANDDRUMMONDCHAIR,DEPTOFCIVIL,CONSTRUCTION,ANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,UNIVOFALABAMA,BOX870205,TUSCALOOSA,AL354870202?CORRESPONDINGAUTHOR?EMAILJWVANDELINDTENGUAEDU3ASSISTANTPROFESSOR,DEPTOFCIVILANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,COLORADOSTATEUNIV,FORTCOLLINS,CO805232372NOTETHISMANUSCRIPTWASSUBMITTEDONAUGUST5,2008APPROVEDONAUGUST5,2009PUBLISHEDONLINEONJULY15,2010DISCUSSIONPERIODOPENUNTILJANUARY1,2011SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTHISPAPERISPARTOFTHEPRACTICEPERIODICALONSTRUCTURALDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTION,VOL15,NO3,AUGUST1,2010?ASCE,ISSN10840680/2010/3231–235/2500PRACTICEPERIODICALONSTRUCTURALDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTION?ASCE/AUGUST2010/231PRACTPERIODSTRUCTDESCONSTR201015231235DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYCHANGSHAUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYON06/05/13COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVEDWITHAUNITWEIGHTOFSTRUCTURALSTEELOF377PSFTHEPRICEOFTHESTEELFROMTHELOWBIDDERWAS056/LBINPLACE,SIGNIFICANTLYLOWERTHANTHEIRPREVIOUSDESIGNCONSTRUCTIONOFTHETOTALBRIDGETOOKONLY90DAYS,WITHOUTINCENTIVEST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簡(jiǎn)介:12980英文單詞,英文單詞,17萬(wàn)英文字符,萬(wàn)英文字符,5200漢字漢字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處BERNHARDTJM,MAYSD,HALLAKSOCIALMARKETINGATTHERIGHTPLACEANDRIGHTTIMEWITHNEWMEDIAJJOURNALOFSOCIALMARKETING,2012,22130137SOCIALMARKETINGATTHERIGHTPLACEANDRIGHTTIMEWITHNEWMEDIAJMBERNHARDT,DMAYS,AKHALLABSTRACTPURPOSE–THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOSEEKTODISCUSSHOWTHENEWMEDIAREVOLUTIONCANIMPROVESOCIALMARKETINGBYBRINGINGTHE“PLACE”O(jiān)NEOFFOURP’SFROMTHEMARKETINGMIXCLOSERTOTHECONSUMERDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH–THISPAPERDESCRIBESCURRENTNEWMEDIATRENDSRELATEDTOSOCIALMEDIAANDMOBILECOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGIESANDDISCUSSESTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHESETECHNOLOGIESFORSOCIALMARKETINGBYEXPLORINGEXAMPLESOFTHEIRUSEINCOMMERCIALMARKETING,SOCIALCHANGE,ANDPUBLICHEALTHFINDINGS–THERAPIDGROWTHOFONLINESOCIALNETWORKSANDNEARUBIQUITYOFMOBILEPHONESINMUCHOFTHEWORLDOFFERSSOCIALMARKETERSENORMOUSPOTENTIALFORENGAGINGCONSUMERSINRADICALLYNEWWAYSTHENATUREOFTHESENEWCOMMUNICATIONPLATFORMSDIFFERSFROMTRADITIONALMEDIAINIMPORTANTWAYSTHATCANMAKETHEMMOREEFFECTIVEFORMARKETING,MOSTNOTABLYTHEPOTENTIALFORDEEPERCONSUMERENGAGEMENT,MULTIDIRECTIONALINFORMATIONEXCHANGE,ANDLOCATIONBASEDTRACKINGANDMESSAGINGPRACTICALIMPLICATIONS–THETRENDSDESCRIBEDINTHISPAPERARERAPIDLYANDFUNDAMENTALLYCHANGINGHOWCOMMERCIALMARKETERS,BRANDMANAGERS,ANDCONSUMERRELATIONSHIPMANAGERSENGAGEWITHTHECURRENTANDPROSPECTIVECONSUMERSSOCIALMARKETINGSHOULDLEARNFROMTHESECHANGESANDLEVERAGETHESENEWMEDIATOENGAGELARGENUMBERSOFCONSUMERSMOREDEEPLYANDCLOSERTOTHE“RIGHTPLACEANDRIGHTTIME”THANTHEYEVERCOULDBEFOREORIGINALITY/VALUE–THISPAPEREXPLORESATOPICTHATHASBEENINTRODUCEDATTHEGLOBALNONPROFITANDSOCIALMARKETINGCONFERENCEINDUBLIN,IRELANDINAPRIL2011THEDISCUSSIONSHOULDENCOURAGESOCIALMARKETERSTORECONSIDERTHEROLEOF“PLACE”ANDEXPLOREHOWNEWMEDIACANBRINGPLACECLOSERTOCONSUMERS3WORK,ORSCHOOLS,PRECISELYATTHETIMETHATDECISIONSAREMADEINOTHERWORDS,NEWMEDIACANSHIFT“PLACE”FROMRESTROOMSANDGROCERYSTORES,TOBEINGINPEOPLE’SNATURALSETTINGSBYREACHINGTHEMVIACOMPUTERSORMOBILEPHONESORDEVICESTHATAREACCESSIBLETOTHEMALMOSTANYTIMEANDANYWHERELEFEBVRE,2009THEEMERGENCEOFNEWMEDIAHASLEDTOAPARADIGMSHIFTINMANYCOMPANIES’MARKETINGPRACTICESFROMATRADITIONALBRANDOR“PRODUCTDRIVEN”APPROACHTOACONTEMPORARY“CUSTOMERDRIVEN”MARKETINGMETHODRUSTETAL,2011THISSHIFTISDUEINLARGEPARTTOTHEPERVASIVEUSEOFNEWMEDIAANDTHECAPABILITYOFNEWMEDIATECHNOLOGIESTOPUTCUSTOMERSANDCOMPANIESINCONSTANTCONTACTNEWTECHNOLOGYANDSOCIALMEDIAAREBYNATURECONSUMERDRIVENUNLIKETRADITIONALMEDIA,CONTENTGENERATEDTHROUGHTHESEPLATFORMSISLARGELYCREATED,MAINTAINED,ANDSHAREDBYANDAMONGCONSUMERSANDCOMMUNITIESBERNHARDTETAL,2011THESEWIDESPREAD,ELECTRONIC,MULTIDIRECTIONALINTERACTIONSHAVENOTBEENWITNESSEDPREVIOUSLYANDGIVECONSUMERSTHEABILITYTODIRECTLYCOMMUNICATETHEIRPRODUCTNEEDSANDFEEDBACKTOCOMPANIESTHATAREEAGERTOLISTENMANGOLDANDFAULDS,2009MOREOVER,NEWMEDIAAREOFTENPERCEIVEDBYCONSUMERSASMORETRUSTWORTHYSOURCESOFINFORMATIONFOR“PRODUCTSANDSERVICESTHANCORPORATESPONSOREDCOMMUNICATIONSTRANSMITTEDVIATHETRADITIONALELEMENTSOFTHEPROMOTIONALMIX”FOUX,2006,P389INSHORT,SOCIALMARKETERSCANNOWLEVERAGENEWMEDIATOENGAGELARGENUMBERSOFCONSUMERSMOREDEEPLYANDCLOSERTOTHERIGHTPLACEANDRIGHTTIMETHANEVERBEFORENEWMEDIAWHILEDEFINITIONSOFNEWMEDIAVARY,GENERALLYTHESEINCLUDEELECTRONICCOMMUNICATIONCHANNELSSUCHASSOCIALNETWORKINGWEBSITES,BLOGS,CHATROOMS,DISCUSSIONBOARDS,ANDCUSTOMERSERVICERATINGWEBSITES,ALLOFWHICHCANPROVIDEAMPLEOPPORTUNITIESFORTWOWAYCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENMARKETERSANDCONSUMERSUSEOFNEWCOMMUNICATIONMEDIABYCONSUMERSHASPROLIFERATEDINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,OFFERINGUNPRECEDENTEDOPPORTUNITIESTOEXTENDTHEREACHANDENGAGEMENTOFSOCIALMARKETINGEFFORTSINOTHERPARTSOFTHEWORLD,USEOFCERTAINNEWMEDIASUCHASMOBILEDEVICESISALSOGROWING,PROVIDINGNEWWAYSTOENGAGEWITHCONSUMERSAROUNDSOCIALISSUESINDIVERSECONTEXTSMANYNEWMEDIA,SUCHASCELLPHONESANDMOBILEDEVICES,AREALSOLINKEDTOBOTHGEOGRAPHYANDTIMECOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHTHESEWIRELESSCHANNELSCANBELINKEDTOCONVERSATIONSANDEVENTSOCCURRINGINLIVESOCIALNETWORKSATASPECIFICTIMEANDPLACETHE
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